Asertividade en Psicoloxía

• Assertiveness in psychology is a social behavior promoting cordial relationships without passivity.
• Assertive behavior includes upholding one's beliefs respectfully while accepting others' opinions.
• Assertiveness training reduces stress by teaching individuals to defend their rights without aggression.
• Increased relaxation in interpersonal relationships when one is assertive.

Core aspects of Assertiveness

• Assertiveness involves respecting oneself by expressing needs and defending rights and respecting others' rights and needs.
• Individuals should recognize their responsibilities and the consequences of expressing feelings.
• Assertive conduct aims to enhance favorable outcomes and minimize unfavorable ones, not necessarily eliminate conflict.

Passive Communication

• Passive communication involves feeling one's rights have been violated and being unable to express feelings openly.
• Expressing feelings in a passive manner includes being apologetic, lacking confidence, and often being ignored.
• Non-assertiveness through passivity demonstrates a lack of respect for one's needs.
• Initial appeasement and conflict avoidance lead to loss of identity, resentment, and disappointment.
• Passive behavior can lead to misinterpretation and manipulation.
• Feelings of being misunderstood, not taken into account, and manipulated may occur.
• Suppressing frustration can lead to eventual outbursts after continuous non-assertive behavior.
• Receivers of passive behavior may experience frustration, annoyance, or anger due to the need to constantly infer the person's true feelings.

Aggressive Communication

• Aggressive behavior defends personal rights and expresses thoughts inappropriately, often violating others' rights.
• Aggression can be direct, including verbal offenses, insults, threats, or non-verbal such as hostile gestures or physical attacks.
• Aggression can be indirect, in the form of sarcastic comments, malicious gossip or physical gestures done while the person is looking away.
• Victims of aggressive individuals eventually develop resentment and avoid them.
• The goal of aggression is to dominate, humiliate, and weaken others, hindering their ability to express and defend their rights.
• Aggressive actions, driven by ambition, disregard ethical standards and others' rights.
• Short-term outcomes of aggression include emotional expression, a sense of power, and achieving goals.
• Long-term results of aggression include guilt, direct retaliation through verbal or physical attacks, or indirect retaliation.

Assertive Rights

• Assertive rights are made so everyone is aware of what they are entitled to as people, and what they can defend in order to maintain identity and self-esteem
• Clarifying facts beforehand and using reference notes saves time, builds confidence, and reduces intimidation.
• Anger causes confusion and makes one appear weak and lacking credibility.
• Considering others' viewpoints and communicating understanding is important.
• Remaining calm and firmly expressing one's opinion is more effective than being stubborn.
• Apologies should be reserved for appropriate times to maintain their value.
• Providing others with an "out" and outlining constructive consequences promotes cooperation.
• Calmly stating intended actions is more effective than using strong threats.
• Actions stated should be followed through to maintain credibility.
• Assertiveness includes accepting defeat gracefully when further action is unconstructive.
• Courteous acceptance after discussion helps garner respect, as no one appreciates a poor sport.

Techniques for Assertive Behavior

• Broken Record: calmly repeating a statement expressing what one wants from another person, helping insist on desires without manipulation.
• Positive Assertion: expressing genuine affection and appreciation for others; paying attention to the good in others and communicating it verbally or non-verbally.
• Negative Assertion: self-criticism to elicit a less aggressive reaction when making a constructive critique or stating ones claims.
• Empathetic Assertion: understanding and acting based on the needs of the speaker, creating a space to also be understood.
• Confrontational Assertion: describing discrepancies between words and actions, clearly stating one's desires calmly, without accusation.
  • Describe the unwanted behavior; express negative feelings; explain the desired behavior; comment benefits of the desired behavior.
• Fogging: finding limited points of truth you agree with in what the other person is saying.
  • Can agree in part or agree in principle.
• Negative Inquiry: requesting more detail about a critical statement to determine if it is constructive or manipulative.

A asertividade fomenta relacións cordiais e o respecto mutuo. Implica defender as propias crenzas con respecto e aceptar as opinións alleas. O obxectivo da conduta asertiva é mellorar os resultados favorables e minimizar os desfavorables.