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Questions and Answers
What does the term asepsis mean?
What does the term asepsis mean?
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing microorganisms.
What are the two basic types of asepsis?
What are the two basic types of asepsis?
- Asepsis and Infection Control
- Handwashing and Disinfecting
- Clean Technique and Sterile Technique
- Medical Asepsis and Surgical Asepsis (correct)
Medical asepsis is also known as 'clean technique'.
Medical asepsis is also known as 'clean technique'.
True (A)
Surgical asepsis is referred to as 'sterile technique'.
Surgical asepsis is referred to as 'sterile technique'.
What is the primary goal of medical asepsis?
What is the primary goal of medical asepsis?
Which of the following is NOT a procedure included in medical asepsis?
Which of the following is NOT a procedure included in medical asepsis?
What is the primary goal of surgical asepsis?
What is the primary goal of surgical asepsis?
Sterilization is a method used within medical asepsis to eliminate all microorganisms.
Sterilization is a method used within medical asepsis to eliminate all microorganisms.
What is the definition of 'cleaning'?
What is the definition of 'cleaning'?
Disinfection removes all pathogenic organisms, including spores.
Disinfection removes all pathogenic organisms, including spores.
Explain the term 'disinfectant'.
Explain the term 'disinfectant'.
What is an 'antiseptic solution'?
What is an 'antiseptic solution'?
Define 'sterilizing'?
Define 'sterilizing'?
The process of something becoming unclean or unsterile is called ______.
The process of something becoming unclean or unsterile is called ______.
What is an infection?
What is an infection?
Define 'nosocomial infection'.
Define 'nosocomial infection'.
Carriers are individuals who show symptoms of illness but have pathogens in their bodies.
Carriers are individuals who show symptoms of illness but have pathogens in their bodies.
Which of these is NOT a major category of microorganisms that cause infection in humans?
Which of these is NOT a major category of microorganisms that cause infection in humans?
What are the four major categories of microorganisms that cause infection in humans?
What are the four major categories of microorganisms that cause infection in humans?
Bacteria are the most common cause of infection in humans.
Bacteria are the most common cause of infection in humans.
What type of infection is limited to a specific part of the body?
What type of infection is limited to a specific part of the body?
A chronic infection typically develops quickly and lasts for a short period.
A chronic infection typically develops quickly and lasts for a short period.
Acute infections generally appear suddenly and last for a shorter period.
Acute infections generally appear suddenly and last for a shorter period.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the chain of infection?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the chain of infection?
What is the significance of breaking the chain of infection?
What is the significance of breaking the chain of infection?
The reservoir in the chain of infection refers to the place where infectious agents live and multiply.
The reservoir in the chain of infection refers to the place where infectious agents live and multiply.
What is the portal of exit in the chain of infection?
What is the portal of exit in the chain of infection?
What is the portal of entry in the chain of infection?
What is the portal of entry in the chain of infection?
Wearing a mask can be a effective way to 'break' the chain of infection at the 'portal of exit' stage.
Wearing a mask can be a effective way to 'break' the chain of infection at the 'portal of exit' stage.
Frequent handwashing can help interrupt the chain of infection at the 'mode of transmission' stage.
Frequent handwashing can help interrupt the chain of infection at the 'mode of transmission' stage.
What is the role of a susceptible host in the chain of infection?
What is the role of a susceptible host in the chain of infection?
Which of these individuals is NOT considered to be a susceptible host?
Which of these individuals is NOT considered to be a susceptible host?
'Carrier' refers to a person who has an infection but does not show any symptoms.
'Carrier' refers to a person who has an infection but does not show any symptoms.
A person who is infected may become a reservoir for the future transmission of disease.
A person who is infected may become a reservoir for the future transmission of disease.
Which of these is NOT a way to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries?
Which of these is NOT a way to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries?
Coughing or sneezing into your hands is acceptable if you don't have a tissue.
Coughing or sneezing into your hands is acceptable if you don't have a tissue.
Health care facilities should always dispose of soiled linen in a laundry bag, but it is acceptable to overfill them to save space.
Health care facilities should always dispose of soiled linen in a laundry bag, but it is acceptable to overfill them to save space.
Why should health care facilities consider making hand hygiene resources available in common areas?
Why should health care facilities consider making hand hygiene resources available in common areas?
Health care facilities should place acute febrile respiratory patients at least 1 meter away from others in waiting areas to prevent the spread of infection.
Health care facilities should place acute febrile respiratory patients at least 1 meter away from others in waiting areas to prevent the spread of infection.
It is acceptable to bend, break, or recap needles to save time and resources in a health care setting.
It is acceptable to bend, break, or recap needles to save time and resources in a health care setting.
A bio-waste container is used for the disposal of sharp medical tools.
A bio-waste container is used for the disposal of sharp medical tools.
A blood spill kit is used to clean up spills of blood or body fluids according to hospital protocol.
A blood spill kit is used to clean up spills of blood or body fluids according to hospital protocol.
Health care facilities should always use private rooms for patients with communicable diseases to prevent spreading infections.
Health care facilities should always use private rooms for patients with communicable diseases to prevent spreading infections.
Which of the following is an important aspect of reducing the risk of blood-borne infections?
Which of the following is an important aspect of reducing the risk of blood-borne infections?
The 'incubation period' refers to the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms of a disease.
The 'incubation period' refers to the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms of a disease.
'Prodromal stage' in the stages of infection is characterized by the appearance of specific symptoms of the disease.
'Prodromal stage' in the stages of infection is characterized by the appearance of specific symptoms of the disease.
During which stage of infection is the individual most infectious?
During which stage of infection is the individual most infectious?
The 'decline phase' is when the host's defenses are weakening, and the signs and symptoms of the infection are getting worse.
The 'decline phase' is when the host's defenses are weakening, and the signs and symptoms of the infection are getting worse.
The 'convalescent stage' is when the infected individual is fully recovered and can't transmit the infection anymore.
The 'convalescent stage' is when the infected individual is fully recovered and can't transmit the infection anymore.
The human body has natural defenses against infection through immune response.
The human body has natural defenses against infection through immune response.
What is asepsis?
What is asepsis?
What are the two main types of asepsis?
What are the two main types of asepsis?
What is another name for Medical asepsis?
What is another name for Medical asepsis?
What technique eliminates all pathogens?
What technique eliminates all pathogens?
Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
What is the main purpose of cleaning?
What is the main purpose of cleaning?
What is disinfection?
What is disinfection?
What is a disinfectant?
What is a disinfectant?
What is an antiseptic solution?
What is an antiseptic solution?
What is sterilizing?
What is sterilizing?
What is contamination?
What is contamination?
What is an infection?
What is an infection?
What is a nosocomial infection?
What is a nosocomial infection?
Nosocomial infections can develop during a client's stay in a facility or manifest after discharge.
Nosocomial infections can develop during a client's stay in a facility or manifest after discharge.
What is a carrier?
What is a carrier?
Which of these are NOT major categories of microorganisms causing infection in humans?
Which of these are NOT major categories of microorganisms causing infection in humans?
Bacteria are the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
Bacteria are the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
What type of infection is limited to a specific area?
What type of infection is limited to a specific area?
A systemic infection damages different parts of the body.
A systemic infection damages different parts of the body.
Which type of infection generally appears suddenly and lasts a short time?
Which type of infection generally appears suddenly and lasts a short time?
Which type of infection may occur slowly over a long period and last for months or years?
Which type of infection may occur slowly over a long period and last for months or years?
What is the name of the process that is involved in spreading infection?
What is the name of the process that is involved in spreading infection?
The chain of infection can only occur when all six links are intact.
The chain of infection can only occur when all six links are intact.
Breaking the chain of infection at any link can stop the spread of infection.
Breaking the chain of infection at any link can stop the spread of infection.
What is a susceptible host?
What is a susceptible host?
A microorganism can spread to another person, but it may not develop into an infection if their immune system can fight it off.
A microorganism can spread to another person, but it may not develop into an infection if their immune system can fight it off.
A person without symptoms can still be a carrier.
A person without symptoms can still be a carrier.
An infected host can become a reservoir for future transmission of the disease.
An infected host can become a reservoir for future transmission of the disease.
Children who are very young, people who are very old, and people on inadequate diets are all susceptible hosts.
Children who are very young, people who are very old, and people on inadequate diets are all susceptible hosts.
People with open wounds are susceptible hosts.
People with open wounds are susceptible hosts.
What are the most common routes of transmission?
What are the most common routes of transmission?
What is a vector?
What is a vector?
What are the stages of infection?
What are the stages of infection?
What is the incubation period?
What is the incubation period?
What is another name for the incubation period?
What is another name for the incubation period?
What is the prodromal stage?
What is the prodromal stage?
What is the full stage of illness or invasion stage?
What is the full stage of illness or invasion stage?
What happens during the decline phase?
What happens during the decline phase?
What is the convalescent stage?
What is the convalescent stage?
What is asepsis?
What is asepsis?
What are the two basic types of asepsis?
What are the two basic types of asepsis?
Medical asepsis is referred to as the "clean technique", while surgical asepsis is referred to as the "sterile technique".
Medical asepsis is referred to as the "clean technique", while surgical asepsis is referred to as the "sterile technique".
What are the procedures used in medical asepsis?
What are the procedures used in medical asepsis?
What are procedures used in surgical asepsis?
What are procedures used in surgical asepsis?
Cleaning is a process that involves disinfecting surfaces.
Cleaning is a process that involves disinfecting surfaces.
Disinfectant eliminates all microorganisms, including spores.
Disinfectant eliminates all microorganisms, including spores.
What is the difference between a disinfectant and an antiseptic?
What is the difference between a disinfectant and an antiseptic?
Sterilizing is a process of killing all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
Sterilizing is a process of killing all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
What is contamination?
What is contamination?
What is an infection?
What is an infection?
Define nosocomial infection.
Define nosocomial infection.
Nosocomial infections can develop during a client's stay or after discharge.
Nosocomial infections can develop during a client's stay or after discharge.
What are carriers?
What are carriers?
Which of the following are the four major categories of microorganisms that can cause infection in humans?
Which of the following are the four major categories of microorganisms that can cause infection in humans?
Bacteria are the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
Bacteria are the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
What are the two main types of infections?
What are the two main types of infections?
Differentiate between a local and a systemic infection.
Differentiate between a local and a systemic infection.
An acute infection develops slowly over a prolonged period.
An acute infection develops slowly over a prolonged period.
Explain the chain of infection.
Explain the chain of infection.
The chain of infection can only happen if all six links are intact.
The chain of infection can only happen if all six links are intact.
Which of the following is NOT a portal of exit for microorganisms?
Which of the following is NOT a portal of exit for microorganisms?
The mode of transmission refers to the way microorganisms travel from one host to another.
The mode of transmission refers to the way microorganisms travel from one host to another.
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission?
The portal of entry is the reverse of the portal of exit, meaning the infectious agent enters the body through a similar route where it left the reservoir.
The portal of entry is the reverse of the portal of exit, meaning the infectious agent enters the body through a similar route where it left the reservoir.
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Study Notes
Asepsis and Infection Control
- Asepsis is freedom from disease-causing microorganisms.
- Two basic types of asepsis exist: medical and surgical.
Medical Asepsis
- Reduces the number of pathogens.
- Referred to as "clean technique".
- Used in administering medications, enemas, and tube feedings.
- Daily hygiene, including hand hygiene, is crucial.
- Hand hygiene is the most important aspect of medical asepsis.
Surgical Asepsis
- Eliminates all pathogens.
- Called "sterile technique".
- Used in dressing changes, catheterizations, and surgical procedures.
Medical Asepsis or Clean Technique
- Procedures to reduce microorganisms and prevent spread.
- Includes handwashing, standard precautions, and transmission-based precautions.
Surgical Asepsis or Sterile Technique
- Procedures to eliminate microorganisms from an area.
- Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
Cleaning
- Cleanliness inhibits microorganism growth.
- Involves removing foreign materials such as soil and organic material.
- Generally, cleansing uses water and mechanical action.
- Can use a brush, detergent, or soap.
Disinfection
- Eliminates pathogenic organisms on inanimate objects, excluding spores.
Disinfectant
- A chemical substance used for disinfecting inanimate objects.
- Examples: phenol, chlorine.
Antiseptic Solution
- Used on skin to inhibit microorganism growth and activity.
- Does not necessarily destroy microorganisms.
- Examples: Betadine, hydrogen peroxide.
Sterilizing
- Destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses.
Contamination
- The process of rendering something unclean or unsterile.
Infection
- An invasion of the body by pathogens; capable of producing disease.
Nosocomial Infection
- Infections associated with healthcare services.
- Can develop during or manifest after a client's stay in a healthcare facility.
Carriers
- People or animals without symptoms but harbor pathogens, potentially spreading them.
Types of Microorganisms Causing Infection
- Four main categories: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Bacteria are the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
Types of Infection
- Local: limited to a specific body part.
- Systemic: microorganisms spread and damage different body parts.
Acute or Chronic Infections
- Acute: sudden onset, short duration.
- Chronic: slow onset, long duration.
Infection Process
- Emphasizes the chain of infection: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, and susceptible host.
Breaking the Chain of Infection
- Interrupting any step in this chain prevents infection transmission.
How Germs Get Around, Portal of Entry, Portal of Exit
- Shows how germs travel.
- Details the areas of entry (cuts, mouth, eyes) and exit (cuts, mouth, toilet, sneeze).
Links in the Chain of Infection
- Identifying the infectious agent and reservoir.
- Identifying portals of entry and exit for microorganisms.
- Understanding how microorganisms transmit and how to prevent or control infection.
Stages of Infection
- Five main stages: incubation period, prodromal stage, full-stage illness, decline phase, convalescent stage.
Incubation Period
- Time interval between microorganism invasion and first infection symptoms
- Examples: chicken pox (2-3 weeks), common cold (1-2 days).
Prodromal Stage
- Early stage of infection characterized by non-specific symptoms: malaise, low-grade fever, fatigue.
- Microorganisms rapidly multiply, increasing transmission potential.
Full Stage of Illness (Invasion Stage)
- Marked by specific and prominent infection signs and symptoms fully developed.
Decline Phase
- Host defenses start to overcome the infection's effects, weakening symptoms.
Convalescent Stage
- Period of recovery from infection, signs and symptoms disappear.
Defenses Against Infection
- The body's innate defenses: the normal body flora protect against numerous pathogens.
- Each organ has defense mechanisms to minimize exposure to pathogens.
First Lines of Defense
- Natural barriers against pathogens like skin, saliva with enzymes, tears with enzymes, stomach acid, and mucus linings of the body.
The Blood
- White blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes) increase rapidly—engulf and destroy invading agents.
- Bone marrow releases these cells as part of the initial body response.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Types of WBC and their roles in the immune system (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages).
Nurse Management
- Assessing client's history, physical examination, and laboratory results.
Physical Assessment
- Observation of body parts: swelling, redness, pain, heat, loss of function, fever, and lymphatic enlargement.
Laboratory Data
- Leukocyte count, ESR, and cultures to assess for microorganisms.
Standard Precautions
- Body substance isolation to prevent infection spread (e.g., hand washing, appropriate PPE).
Personal Protective Measures
- Employing gloves, aprons, masks, and eye protection to limit exposure to microorganisms.
Needle Stick Prevention
- Avoiding recapping used needles—dispose immediately in puncture-proof containers to prevent infection.
Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette
- Apply source control measures.
Health Care Facilities—Infection Control
- Maintain separation distances for symptomatic patients.
- Post warnings at entrances, instructing persons to practice respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette.
- Making hand hygiene and disinfection supplies available in common areas.
- Other miscellaneous guidelines like proper sharps disposal and disinfection, and using private rooms for patients with communicable diseases.
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