Questions and Answers
Who is right about the tire pressure monitoring system? Tech A says an indirect measurement TPMS uses wheel speed sensors to measure tire pressure. Tech B says a direct measurement TPMS uses tire pressure sensors to measure tire pressure.
When replacing an integral hub/bearing assembly on a front wheel drive vehicle, which of the following must not be removed?
The included angle is equal to:
Who is right regarding caster and camber adjustment on a vehicle with SLA suspension?
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Who is right about the TPMS warning light not illuminating when all four tires are underinflated?
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What could the presence of dark colored particles in power steering fluid indicate?
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Who is correct regarding flushing the power steering system after installing new hoses?
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Who is right regarding the wear on the inner tread area of the front tires on a vehicle with Macpherson strut suspension?
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Which of the following is the proper service procedure for tire rotation as per the owner's manual?
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Who is correct regarding the symptoms of a vehicle that dives during braking and has choppy tire tread?
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What could cause a 3-degree difference between the included angles on each side of a front wheel drive vehicle?
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What could cause a vehicle to pull to the right on a level road?
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Who is correct regarding identifying a vehicle with a TPMS?
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Which issue could cause a vehicle to dart to one side when hitting a bump?
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Who is right regarding the rear leaf springs being either worn out or broken?
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What should the alignment tech tell the customer about the play in the left side inner tie rod end?
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Who is right regarding the caster adjustment after removing items from a 1 ton pickup truck?
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Who is right about the condition of the vehicle before tightening the stabilizer bar link fasteners?
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Who is right regarding the inspection of inner tie rod ends on a vehicle equipped with manual rack and pinion steering?
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Which four wheel alignment inspection and measurement sequence is correct?
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Who is right about the hissing noise heard when turning the steering wheel on a vehicle with power steering?
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All of the following could be caused by a misaligned subframe EXCEPT:
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Which suspension components are always replaced as a unit EXCEPT:
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Who is right about the pressure reading during a power steering system pressure test?
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Who is right regarding dynamic and static wheel balancing?
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All of the following will cause a tire to wear at the edge EXCEPT:
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All of the following can cause incorrect vehicle ride height EXCEPT:
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Who is right about maximum tire pressure when seating a tire on a wheel rim?
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Who is right regarding the installation of shock absorbers in the rear of a rear-wheel drive vehicle?
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What should a technician do after installing a replacement for a failed power steering gear?
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Who is right about setback in a vehicle?
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Who is right about power steering pump pulley installation?
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Which conditions warrant replacement of a rack and pinion inner tie rod end EXCEPT:
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Who is right about strut-type front suspension when replacing front coil springs?
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Which methods of attaching ball joints to control arms are true EXCEPT:
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All of the following are true regarding torsion bars EXCEPT:
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Which cause for ball joint replacement could also require steering knuckle replacement?
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Who is right about balancing a vehicle with a limited slip differential?
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Who is right about measuring vehicle ride height?
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All of the following are sensors in an electronically controlled suspension system EXCEPT:
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Who is right about the cause of vehicle stalling during parallel parking?
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Who is right regarding the removal of the upper control arm from a late model vehicle with SLA suspension?
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Who is right about the pulling to the right during braking?
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An incorrect toe setting on a vehicle with conventional steering gear can be caused by all EXCEPT:
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All of the following are true statements regarding tapered wheel bearings EXCEPT:
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Who is right regarding the use of electric/electronic power steering systems?
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A driver says that the front end of his car vibrates up and down while traveling at most road speeds. Tech A says that too much runout of the front wheels could be the cause. Tech B says that a static out of balance of the front wheels could be the cause. Who is right?
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A vehicle has front wheel shimmy at low speed and requires increased steering effort. Tech A says that too much positive camber could be the cause. Tech B says that too much positive caster could be the cause. Who is right?
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All of these could cause tire wear if not within manufacturer's specs EXCEPT:
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A vehicle with variable assist power steering has a lack of power assist in both directions. Tech A says that the problem is in the electronic control system. Tech B says that there could be a problem in the steering gear or a bad power steering pump. Who is right?
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A customer complains that a vehicle wanders on a bumpy road and needs continual driver correction to stay straight. What could be wrong?
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While aligning a front end, a technician finds the toe out on turns to be greater than the manufacturer's specs. Which, if any, of the following could be the cause?
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When checking a tire, a tech finds it to have too much radial runout. Tech A says to rotate the tire and wheel assembly on the mounting studs to correct the problem. Tech B says to rotate the tire on the wheel assembly to bring the runout within specs. Who is right?
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If you readjust camber on the left front strut, which, if any, of these specs might change?
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Too much caster on the left front wheel will cause the __________.
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A pressure test is being performed on a car with power steering. The pressure readings taken when the wheels are at the right and left stops are below specs. Who is right?
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A vehicle with a manual rack and pinion steering gear has a shimmy. Tech A says that worn rack to frame mounting bushings could be the cause. Tech B says that loose inner or outer tie rod ends could be the cause. Who is right?
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The ball joints on a Macpherson strut-type suspension are being replaced. Tech A says that a coil spring compressor should be installed before separating the control arm and the spindle. Tech B says that the wheel alignment should be checked after the ball joints have been replaced. Who is right?
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The rear thrust line reads to the left while the vehicle is at normal ride height. Which direction would the vehicle tend to wander?
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Tech A says that the bearing preload must be set when overhauling a manual steering gear. Tech B says that the sector lash must be set when overhauling a manual steering gear. Who is right?
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A vehicle with power steering has assist in only one direction. Who is right?
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A vehicle with power steering has no assist in either direction. Who is right?
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A customer complains of excessive body roll. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
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Tech A says that the wheel bearings can be adjusted by tightening the nut while turning the hub, and then backing off the nut part of a turn. Tech B says the end play in the bearings can be checked using a dial indicator. Who is right?
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Tech A says that the ride height of a vehicle is always adjustable. Tech B says that the ride height of a vehicle can only be adjusted on certain models. Who is right?
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Tech A says that caster is not a tire wearing angle. Tech B says that toe-in or toe-out will cause tire wear. Who is right?
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Tech A says that if steering axis inclination is out of spec, a bent control arm may be the cause. Tech B says that if steering axis inclination is out of spec, the spindle can be shimmed to correct the problem. Who is right?
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Tire cupping is MOST likely caused by:
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Which of the following is most likely to be lubricated and sealed by the manufacturer?
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Excessive steering wheel play is felt in the steering wheel on a manual steering system. Tech A says that a worn idler arm could be the cause. Tech B says that a misadjusted mesh preload may be the cause. Who is right?
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A vehicle suspension system is being checked for radial and axial tolerances. Tech A says that ball joints should be checked. Tech B says that the idler arm should be checked. Who is Right?
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A vehicle has a noise coming from the power steering pump. Tech A says that a loose belt could be the cause. Tech B says that air in the system could be the cause. Who is right?
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All of these are types of power steering pumps, EXCEPT:
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All alignment measurements on a vehicle are within spec, except SAI and Toe-out on turns. Tech A says that these alignment angles are not adjustable, so there is nothing more to do. Tech B says neither of these angles can cause tire wear. Who is right?
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A car is raised on a lift with the wheels pointed straight ahead and when the engine is started, the wheels slowly turn to the right. Tech A says that a binding upper bearing on a Macpherson strut could cause this condition. Tech B says that the power steering valve is out of adjustment. Who is right?
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On a 4 wheel drive vehicle with drag link steering, after the alignment is complete and correct, the steering wheel is turned to the left when the vehicle is driving straight ahead. Tech A suggests removing the steering wheel and replacing it in an orientation closer to straight ahead. Tech B suggests advising the driver that the linkage does not include enough adjustment to center the steering wheel. Who is right?
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A tire on an alloy wheel is being balanced. Tech A says that clip-on weights should be used. Tech B says that tape-on weights should be used. Who is right?
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A customer is purchasing new front tires for her front-wheel drive vehicle. Tech A says the best way to balance the tires is to mount them on the vehicle and use an on-axle spin balancer. Tech B says the best way to balance the tires is to balance them on a spin balancing machine prior to installation. Who is right?
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When the suspension is worked up and down on a vehicle equipped with a Macpherson strut type suspension, the camber spec changes more on one side than the other. Tech A says that camber can't be adjusted on a Macpherson strut. Tech B says that the strut on the side that camber changes the most may be bent. Who is right?
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A vehicle equipped with power steering exhibits excessive steering effort. All hydraulic system specs are correct and the alignment is within specs. Tech A says that this condition may be caused by corrosion in the steering linkage ball studs. Tech B says that the intermediate shaft U-joints could be binding. Who is right?
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Study Notes
Vehicle Handling Issues
- Both excessive runout and static imbalance of front wheels can cause vibrations while driving.
- A vehicle experiencing front wheel shimmy indicates that excessive positive caster increases steering effort, while positive camber does not influence this symptom.
- Tire wear can significantly result from incorrect toe settings, whereas caster misalignment affects handling but not tire wear.
Steering System Diagnoses
- A lack of power assist in variable assist power steering may indicate issues with the electronic control system or problems in the steering gear.
- Continuous driver correction is required on bumpy roads due to possible excessive negative caster, insufficient toe adjustments, or bump steer conditions.
Alignment Specifications
- A toe-out on turns that exceeds specifications may point to bent components such as the pitman arm or tie rod.
- Radial runout on tires can be corrected by rotating them on the wheel assembly, not by adjusting the mounting on studs.
Suspension Adjustments and Effects
- Adjusting camber affects the toe settings on the left wheel and total toe measurements due to interlinked suspension geometry.
- A significant caster increase on the left front wheel causes the vehicle to drift toward the right.
Power Steering Functionality
- Low pressure readings when testing a power steering system indicates faults in the steering gear, whereas normal readings when the valve is closed suggest issues elsewhere.
- Both oil leaking past seals and broken components in the worm piston lead to power steering assist issues in one direction.
Tire and Suspension Components
- Excessive body roll is usually due to a broken stabilizer bar link, while tire cupping is influenced by worn shocks and loose tie-rod ends.
- Many ball bearings in modern vehicles are factory lubricated, providing long-lasting performance.
Steering and Alignment Procedures
- Regular inspection of ball joints is critical for ensuring radial and axial tolerances in suspension checks.
- Noise from a power steering pump can arise from both a loose belt and air in the system, both requiring attention.
Handling Adjustments and Recommendations
- Caster and toe-out alignments, although unadjustable, indicate bent components that necessitate replacement to prevent tire abrasion and handling issues.
- Discrepancies in the steering wheel orientation post-alignment may be remedied by adjusting the wheel’s spline connection, as many vehicles lack fully adjustable links.
Macpherson Strut Dynamics
- Changes in camber specs on a Macpherson strut system often suggest a bent strut rather than fixed adjustments.
- Inner tie rod play necessitates replacement prior to performing a correct vehicle alignment to avoid steering inaccuracies.
Load and Performance Considerations
- When a truck's load causes changes in frame angle, caster should typically be adjusted upward to promote optimal handling under load conditions.
- Manufacturing advancements have allowed for the production of leaf springs with minimal arch, maintaining strength while reducing vehicle height and weight.
General Steering Mechanics
- Binding in the steering system can be attributed to corrosion in linkage components or adjustments needed in the intermediate shaft joints.
- For effective vehicle alignment, precise specifications must be adhered to, enabling safe handling and tire longevity.### Vehicle Suspension and Steering Systems
- Proper caster adjustment requires considering frame angle only when a vehicle is normally loaded.
- Stabilizer bar links should be tightened while the vehicle is at normal ride height to prolong bushing life.
- Inner tie rod ends must be inspected in their normal position to avoid binding; play while moving indicates they should be replaced.
Wheel Alignment Procedures
- Rear adjustments must start with camber correction before addressing caster during four-wheel alignment.
- Hissing noises in power steering while turning are usually normal, indicating relief valve operation, not a malfunction.
- Misaligned subframes can cause steering issues and abnormal tire wear but not poor ride quality.
Suspension Components Replacement
- Idler arms may sometimes be serviced individually; other components like tie rod ends and ball joints always require full replacement.
- Both power steering pressure hose restrictions and poppet valve issues can lead to elevated pressure readings during tests.
Tire and Wheel Balancing
- Tire pressure monitoring sensors differ: direct systems measure actual pressure, while indirect systems use wheel speed to assess pressure differences.
- Dynamic wheel balancing is conducted with a spin balancer, while static balancing employs a bubble balancer.
- Overinflation causes center tread wear, while misalignment and worn parts can lead to edge tire wear.
Vehicle Ride Height and General Maintenance
- Ride height can be measured from the ground or suspension components as part of alignment checks.
- Items like broken leaf springs and fatigued coil springs contribute to incorrect vehicle ride height, while worn shock absorbers do not.
- Always toggle maximum pressure specs when seating a tire bead; exceeding them may cause damage.
Power Steering System Considerations
- Power steering gear replacement necessitates flushing the system due to possible contamination from the failed unit.
- A faulty power steering pressure sensor can cause stalling during high-pressure conditions in parking scenarios.
- The alignment of power steering pump pulleys does not require full pump removal typically.
Tapered Wheel Bearings and Related Components
- Tapered wheel bearings are commonly used on non-drive axles and require careful adjustment and replacement practices.
- Technologies such as electric power steering implement multi-sensor inputs for precise assistance levels.
Conclusion and Important Principles
- The included angle in suspension geometry is determined by the sum of steering axis inclination (SAI) and camber.
- Tracking and maintaining all aspects of vehicle suspension, steering, and tire pressure is crucial for safe and efficient vehicle operation.### Power Steering System Maintenance
- Flushing the power steering system is crucial when fluid is contaminated.
- Filling with fresh ATF requires prior flushing of the system; ATF may not be suitable for all vehicles.
- Many vehicles utilize specially formulated power steering fluids compatible with system materials.
- Using incorrect fluids can lead to leaks, swollen seals, or significant system damage.
Tire Wear and Alignment Issues
- Inner tread wear on front tires can indicate incorrect camber settings or sagging front coil springs.
- Excessive negative camber contributes to accelerated wear on tire edges.
- Swaying caused by sagging springs can lead to misalignment and tire wear patterns.
Tire Rotation Procedures
- Directional tires must rotate according to sidewall arrows for optimal performance.
- Following the owner's manual for tire rotation may involve crossing rear tires to front positions.
- Alternative procedure includes flipping and reinstalling tires to ensure correct tire rotation direction.
Symptoms of Worn Shock Absorbers
- Symptoms like nose-diving during braking and vibration at highway speeds may indicate worn shock absorbers.
- Choppy, scalloped tire tread wear is often associated with worn shocks, leading to excessive bouncing.
- New tires on worn shocks will replicate the same wear patterns, necessitating shock replacement for a solution.
Front Wheel Alignment Issues
- A significant difference in included angles (e.g., 3 degrees) suggests a potential bent MacPherson strut or spindle.
- Included angle = SAI + camber; not adjustable and should remain within 0.5 degrees.
- Proper included angle correction requires replacement of damaged suspension components.
Vehicle Pulling to One Side
- A vehicle pulls to the side with less positive caster, affecting steering stability.
- Positive camber differences, sagging springs, or underinflated tires may lead to directional pulling.
TPMS Identification
- Vehicles with Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) can be identified via a TPMS indicator during diagnostic checks.
- Metal valve stems were historically indicative of TPMS; however, many newer vehicles use rubber stems.
Bump Steer and Steering Issues
- Symptoms of bump steer occur when a vehicle darts in one direction upon hitting bumps.
- Worn steering rack mount bushings can lead to misalignment, causing bump steer.
- Other steering issues may arise from binding components, but would typically lead to memory steer, differing from bump steer symptoms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on automotive front-end vibrations with this ASE A4 practice quiz. Determine the causes of car vibrations as presented by two technicians. See if you can identify the correct answers based on automotive repair principles.
