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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the upper cortex in a lichen thallus?
What is the role of the upper cortex in a lichen thallus?
- Provides minerals for photosynthesis
- Facilitates gas exchange for the algal zone
- Anchors the thallus to the substrate
- Protects the thallus with a layer of fungal hyphae (correct)
How does controlled infection of grapes by Botrytis cinerea differ from uncontrolled infection?
How does controlled infection of grapes by Botrytis cinerea differ from uncontrolled infection?
- Controlled infection results in noble rot, enhancing flavor for dessert wines (correct)
- Uncontrolled infection leads to green mold on grapefruit
- Controlled infection reduces grape yield significantly
- Uncontrolled infection produces a red ring on grape skins
Which category of drugs do penicillin and cephalosporins belong to?
Which category of drugs do penicillin and cephalosporins belong to?
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Antifungal medications
- Antibiotics (correct)
- Antiviral medications
What type of infections are caused by Trichophyton violaceum?
What type of infections are caused by Trichophyton violaceum?
Which fungal pathogen infects airways and causes symptoms similar to influenza?
Which fungal pathogen infects airways and causes symptoms similar to influenza?
Why can't fungal infections be treated with antibiotics?
Why can't fungal infections be treated with antibiotics?
Which fungal infection mentioned in the text can be fatal to HIV patients?
Which fungal infection mentioned in the text can be fatal to HIV patients?
What is a serious challenge associated with many antifungal medications?
What is a serious challenge associated with many antifungal medications?
Which species is responsible for causing root disease in conifers in Oregon?
Which species is responsible for causing root disease in conifers in Oregon?
What led to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event according to the text?
What led to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event according to the text?
What is the structure that contains ascospores in Ascomycota?
What is the structure that contains ascospores in Ascomycota?
Which type of fungi is known for causing human infections like Aspergillosis and Candidiasis?
Which type of fungi is known for causing human infections like Aspergillosis and Candidiasis?
What is the main function of antifungal medications?
What is the main function of antifungal medications?
Which fungal pathogen is responsible for causing Dutch elm disease?
Which fungal pathogen is responsible for causing Dutch elm disease?
In noble rot, a beneficial form of botrytis cinerea, what happens to grapes?
In noble rot, a beneficial form of botrytis cinerea, what happens to grapes?
Which characteristic is NOT shared by fungi with plants?
Which characteristic is NOT shared by fungi with plants?
What is a key feature that distinguishes septated hyphae from coenocytic hyphae in fungi?
What is a key feature that distinguishes septated hyphae from coenocytic hyphae in fungi?
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants in their relationship?
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants in their relationship?
Which type of reproduction in fungi involves the release of spores from a sporangium?
Which type of reproduction in fungi involves the release of spores from a sporangium?
What is the primary mode of nutrition for fungi mentioned in the text?
What is the primary mode of nutrition for fungi mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic feature of Chytridiomycota?
What is a characteristic feature of Chytridiomycota?
Which group of fungi forms a mutualistic relationship between hyphae and tree roots?
Which group of fungi forms a mutualistic relationship between hyphae and tree roots?
In Zygomycota, what is the main method of reproduction?
In Zygomycota, what is the main method of reproduction?
Which type of fungi is known for causing infections in amphibians?
Which type of fungi is known for causing infections in amphibians?
What is a notable characteristic of Glomeromycota concerning reproduction?
What is a notable characteristic of Glomeromycota concerning reproduction?
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Study Notes
Fungi Characteristics
- Mostly multicellular species that prefer moist, slightly acidic environments
- Contain chitin in their cell walls
- Most are haploid for the majority of their life cycle
- None are photosynthetic, all are heterotrophic
- Vary in oxygen requirements, including obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes
Cell Structure and Function
- Eukaryotic cellular organization with membrane-bound nucleus
- Linear DNA wrapped around histones
- Complex system of internal membranes, including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria
Morphology of Multicellular Fungi
- Hyphae: long, branching filamentous structures that excrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients
- Mycelium: mass of hyphae; vegetative stage
- Fruiting body: reproductive structure for dispersal of spores
- Hyphae can be septated or aseptate (coenocytic)
Metabolism and Nutrition
- Heterotrophic: obtain carbon and nitrogen from food
- External digestion: digestion occurs before ingestion
- Decomposers: break down insoluble polysaccharides into glucose
- Saprophytic: nutrients from decaying organic matter
- Mutualists: mycorrhizal fungi form relationships with plants, exchanging nutrients and carbohydrates
Reproduction of Fungi
- Sexual and/or asexual reproduction produces spores from the sporangium
- Release of spores from a sporangium at the end of a hypha called a sporangiophore
Other Roles of Fungi
- Fermentation: antibiotics, medical drugs, and food production
- Model organisms: genetic research
- Lichen: mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga
Human Fungal Infections
- Mycosis: disease caused by fungal infection
- Many antifungal medications have serious side effects due to similarity between eukaryotic cells
- Opportunistic fungal infections take advantage of compromised immune systems
- Examples of human fungal infections: ringworm, superficial mycoses, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida
Ascomycota: Sac Fungi
- Most common type of fungus
- Examples: morels, truffles, baking/brewing/fermenting yeasts, Penicillium, and Candida
- Ascus: sac-shaped structure that contains ascospores (sexual spores)
- Conidiophore: contains conidia (asexual spores)
Basidiomycota: Club Fungi
- Sexual reproduction is most common
- Basidiocarp: fruiting body
- Basidia: sites of sexual reproduction to produce basidiospores
- Gills: connected hyphae that support the basidia
Chytridiomycota – Chytrids
- Simplest and most primitive fungi
- Primarily unicellular and aquatic
- Parasites and saprobes, causing infection in amphibians and has caused some extinctions
Glomeromycota
- Small group of species
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae: mutualistic relationship between hyphae and tree roots
- Only asexual reproduction
Zygomycota
- Conjugated or zygote-producing fungi
- Asexual reproduction is more common, producing sporangiospores
- Sexual reproduction: conjugation requires two opposing mating strains (+ and -) and forms zygosporangium with zygospores
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