42 Questions
What is the most common type of antibody mentioned in the text?
IgG
Based on the text, what is the primary function of the Fc region in an antibody?
Physiological functions of antibodies
Which of the following is not a method of immunoassay mentioned in the text?
Indirect fluorescent immunoassay
What is the primary role of the variable antigen recognition sites in an antibody?
Antigen recognition
How many antibodies are currently available on the market?
More than 500,000
What is the primary cause of death worldwide according to the given statistics?
Ischaemic heart disease
From 2000 to 2019, which disease has seen the largest increase in deaths among the top 10 causes?
Ischaemic heart disease
Which disease has entered the top 10 causes of death following a significant percentage increase since 2000?
Diabetes
Diabetes is responsible for the largest rise in deaths among males in the top 10 causes since 2000, with what percentage increase?
80%
What poses a significant challenge in the design of bioassay diagnostic devices?
Measuring biomolecule concentrations at the picomolar level in blood sample volumes on the microlitre scale
Which type of assay is commonly used in successful diagnostic devices?
Fluorescence-based immunoassays
What is the primary reason for the need of inexpensive screening in diagnosing bovine mastitis?
To minimize economic losses in the dairy industry
Which factor contributes to the precision of POC diagnostic tests?
Signal intensities and sensitivity
Which element of a biosensor is responsible for generating 'Useful Information'?
Transduction element
What type of antibody is typically measured in a COVID-19 serologic antibody test to determine previous exposure to the virus?
IgG
What is the primary challenge in developing accurate POC diagnostic tests?
Non-specific binding (NSB)
Which of the following is NOT a common application of biosensors?
Weather Forecasting
What is the primary advantage of POC testing in terms of patient responsibility and compliance?
Making patients far more responsible for managing their own condition(s)
What type of antibody is the first to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen?
IgM
Which of the following is not a key element of a biosensor?
Amplification element
What is the significance of measuring IgG and IgM antibodies in a COVID-19 serologic antibody test?
To identify the stage of the infection
What is the primary function of the Fc region in an antibody?
Interact with immune cells
Which type of antibody is robust, common, and best-studied according to the text?
IgG
How are natural antibodies described in the text?
Y-shaped with two identical variable antigen recognition sites
What is the classical method mentioned in the text for raising antibodies?
Repeated injection of antigens in animals
In what decade were the first immunoassays described according to the text?
1960s
Why is it challenging to measure biomolecule concentrations at the picomolar level in blood sample volumes on the microlitre scale?
As a result of the miniature size of bioassay devices
What type of assay are many of the current successful diagnostics devices based on?
Fluorescence-based immunoassays
Why is diabetes mentioned as one of the top 10 causes of death in recent years?
Because of a significant percentage increase since 2000
What is the primary feature that distinguishes bioassay diagnostic devices in terms of sample manipulation?
No user manipulation of the sample possible
Why is diabetes significant in terms of male deaths among the top 10 causes of death?
It has led to an increase in male deaths by 70%
What makes it exceptionally challenging to achieve accurate measurements in miniature bioassay devices?
Absence of user manipulation capabilities for samples
What is the primary function of biosensors?
Providing an output signal related to target analyte concentration
Why are POC measurements preferred in diagnostics?
Reduce the time for sample travel and result transmission
What is the primary challenge in designing accurate POC diagnostic tests?
Signal intensities and limits of detection
Which element of a biosensor is responsible for generating 'Useful Information'?
Transduction element
What is the significance of measuring both IgG and IgM antibodies in a COVID-19 serologic test?
To evaluate different antibody responses during the infection
What makes POC diagnostic tests cost-effective compared to conventional laboratory analysis?
They lower medical costs by reducing errors and misdirection of results
Why does non-specific binding (NSB) present a challenge in biosensors?
Results in lower detection limits
What is the primary benefit of near-patient testing in diabetic clinics?
Greater patient satisfaction with better understanding of medical results
What is the main advantage of self-administered POC tests in terms of patient responsibilities?
Patients can manage their own conditions effectively
Which element controls the background response and often leads to higher detection limits in biosensors?
Non-specific binding (NSB)
Test your knowledge on early diagnostics and treatment monitoring for diseases like ischaemic heart disease and diabetes. Explore the latest advancements in healthcare with Dr. Vladimir Gubala from the Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group at Medway School of Pharmacy.
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