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Describe the cerebral cortex.

Superficial gray matter of cerebrum.

The slender, transverse, parallel folds of the cerebellum are specifically called ____.

Folia

List the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep.

1.Dura mater, 2.Arachnoid mater, 3.Pia mater.

The _____, located between the bloodstream and nervous tissue of the brain, is impermeable to many solutes.

Blood-brain barrier Signup and view all the answers

The _____ consists of at least 23 nuclei, most of which fall into five groups: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, and ventral.

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The ability to close your eyes and still locate your nose is an example of ____.

Proprioception Signup and view all the answers

Neural integration occurs in the midbrain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered 'special senses'? (Select all that apply)

Vision Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

The ______ divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

Longitudinal fissure Signup and view all the answers

The ____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.

12 Signup and view all the answers

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called ____.

Ventricles Signup and view all the answers

During embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken, forming a ______.

Neural groove with a raised neural fold Signup and view all the answers

The nonvisual perception, usually subconscious, of the position and movements of the body is called ____.

Proprioception Signup and view all the answers

A temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated is called.

Sleep Signup and view all the answers

List structures located in the diencephalon.

Hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is divided into _____ hemispheres.

Left and right. Signup and view all the answers

How much CSF does the brain produce per day?

500mL Signup and view all the answers

Name the structure that forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle serving as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The ____ is located in the diencephalon on each side of the brain at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is called ____.

Vermis Signup and view all the answers

An memory-aiding phrase to help remember cranial nerves of other anatomy is called a ____.

Mnemonic Signup and view all the answers

The class of senses that include touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, and pain is called the ____ senses.

General Signup and view all the answers

List the three major divisions of the brain.

Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

The number of cerebral hemispheres present in the human brain is ____.

2 Signup and view all the answers

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

List, from rostral to caudal, the components of the brainstem.

Diencephalon, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata. Signup and view all the answers

Regions called _____ are the sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of a stimulus.

Primary sensory cortex Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is a section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain.

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are involved with emotional feelings and memories?

Prefrontal cortex, diencephalon Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are considered general senses EXCEPT:

Smell Signup and view all the answers

Name the area of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Also known as smell, ______ signals are received by a cortical region in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe.

Olfactory Signup and view all the answers

Name the embryonic structure that gives rise to most neurons and all glial cells except microglia.

Neural plate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves begin or end in the pons? (Select all that apply)

V Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is divided into ____.

Two Signup and view all the answers

The conscious awareness of a stimulus (pain, taste, and color for example) is called ______.

Sensation Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex consists of ____ matter.

Gray Signup and view all the answers

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The great majority of commissural tracts pass through the:

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is called the ____.

Vermis Signup and view all the answers

The primary auditory cortex is distributed between two lobes of each cerebral hemisphere. Identify these two lobes.

Insula, Superior region of the temporal lobe. Signup and view all the answers

_____ refers to the sense of balance.

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

The _____ system is part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input and emotion.

Limbic Signup and view all the answers

The folds of the cerebellum are called:

Folia Signup and view all the answers

Neurons whose axons project from the spinal cord or the brainstem to innervate skeletal muscles are called _____ motor neurons.

Lower motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are considered general senses EXCEPT:

Smell Signup and view all the answers

Considering the direction its impulses travel, where does the optic nerve terminate?

The thalamus, the midbrain Signup and view all the answers

The ____ ventricle is a narrow median space inferior to the corpus callosum and receives fluid from the interventricular foramen.

3rd Signup and view all the answers

The structure located between the pons and the diencephalon is the ______.

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

After embryonic development is complete, the mesencephalon will only develop into the _____.

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called ____.

Ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called _____ motor neurons.

Upper Signup and view all the answers

A neuron of the hypothalamus that responds to changes in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid is called a(n)

Osmoreceptor Signup and view all the answers

The great majority of commissural tracts pass through the:

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

_____ functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

During embryonic development, the midbrain does not divide and retains the name____.

Mesencephalon Signup and view all the answers

How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?

3 Signup and view all the answers

The function of the cardiac center is to:

Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate of the heartbeat, Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the strength of the heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

The _____ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

Parietal Signup and view all the answers

The nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord passing through the medulla are:

Ascending sensory and descending motor Signup and view all the answers

Also known as smell, ______ signals are received by a cortical region in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe.

Olfactory Signup and view all the answers

The clinical test performed to measure the electrical activity in the brain is called an:

Electroencephalogram Signup and view all the answers

In the brain, tracts are located within the _____ matter.

White Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamic thermostat responds to changes in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.

False Signup and view all the answers

The system that consists of sensory axons that modulate activity of the cerebral cortex and functions to maintain consciousness is called the ____ _ _____, or RAS.

Reticular activating system Signup and view all the answers

Which three of the following structures are agreed upon by all sources as components of the limbic system? (Select all that apply)

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

A brain wave is a measure of the _____ activity in the cells of the brain.

Electrical Signup and view all the answers

Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Central sulcus Signup and view all the answers

After an injury to the head, Hans cannot remember the past several years of his life. Hans has _____ amnesia.

Retrograde Signup and view all the answers

There are three types of tracts in the cerebral white matter.

True Signup and view all the answers

The chief functions of the _____ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

Frontal Signup and view all the answers

The organization of sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory occurs in the _____ of the limbic system.

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Sensory receptors for equilibrium send signals to:

Nuclei in the brainstem, the cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

A brain wave is the electrical activity that results from voltage changes in the cells of the brain.

True Signup and view all the answers

The gray matter of the cerebrum is the ____ layer of the cerebrum.

Superficial Signup and view all the answers

Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

List the three major divisions of the brain.

Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

The thalamus plays a key role in:

Motor control by providing relay signals. Signup and view all the answers

The ____ is the region of the brain between the midbrain and corpus callosum.

Diencephalon Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain functions to maintain thermal homeostasis?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

Parieto-occipital sulcus Signup and view all the answers

The _____ nerve is a widely distributed nerve and transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck, and most of the viscera in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Vagus Signup and view all the answers

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the _____.

Meninges Signup and view all the answers

For most people, the _____ hemisphere is dominant in the control of memory of shapes, left hand motor control, hearing of non-vocal sounds, musical ability, intuitive non-verbal thought, superior recognition of faces and spatial relationships.

Right Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain contains the:

Continuations of the reticular formation, cranial nerves III and IV, Continuations of the medial lemniscus, cerebral aqueduct Signup and view all the answers

From the region below the corpus callosum to the spinal cord, rank the following structures in the order in which the CSF flows.

The lateral ventricle, Interventricular foramina, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Define the term rostral.

Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher Signup and view all the answers

The embryonic hindbrain divides into the and the _.

Myelencephalon, Metencephalon Signup and view all the answers

Where is the limbic system located in the brain?

On the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

Name the sinus that separates the two layers of dura.

Dural sinus Signup and view all the answers

Which structures produce CSF?

Ependymal cells, choroid plexus Signup and view all the answers

Name the structures which consist of axons that transmit sensory impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Cerebral peduncles Signup and view all the answers

Name the area of the limbic system also known as the memory forming center.

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

The primary somesthetic association area is located in the lobe and the .

Parietal lobe, roof of the lateral sulcus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cerebral Cortex and Brain Structure

The cerebral cortex is the superficial gray matter of the cerebrum.
The cerebellum features slender, transverse, parallel folds known as folia.

Meningeal Layers

Meningeal layers are organized from most superficial to deep: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to many solutes, acting as a protective interface between the bloodstream and nervous tissue.

Thalamus and Sensory Processing

The thalamus contains at least 23 nuclei, categorized into five groups: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, and ventral.
The thalamus plays a critical role in motor control by relaying sensory signals.

Proprioception

Proprioception allows one to locate their body parts without visual input, such as closing eyes and finding the nose.

Neuroanatomy and Cranial Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, with several originating or terminating in the pons (V, VI, VII).
The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres, facilitating interhemispheric communication.

Major Brain Divisions

The brain is divided into three major regions: brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
The diencephalon includes vital components like the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Ventricles are fluid-filled internal chambers in the brain, producing approximately 500 mL of CSF daily.
CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from injury and provides cushioning.

Sensory and Cognitive Functions

The primary sensory cortex is where sensory input is first processed, leading to conscious awareness.
Cognition includes various mental processes such as thought, reasoning, and memory.

Limbic System and Emotion

The limbic system, located on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, is crucial for emotional regulation and memory.
Key structures in the limbic system include the hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus, with the hippocampus serving as the memory-forming center.

Brain Waves and Electroencephalogram

Brain waves reflect the electrical activity of neurons and can be measured using an electroencephalogram (EEG).

Lobe Functions and Mental Processes

The parietal lobe is important for sensory perception, while the frontal lobe governs voluntary actions, emotions, and decision-making.
The right hemisphere is often dominant for creative tasks and recognition of faces, whereas the left hemisphere is more analytical.

Additional Neurological Terms

Lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles, whereas upper motor neurons originate in the cortex.
The term "rostral" refers to a position toward the nose or forehead in neuroanatomy.

Developmental Biology

The neural plate is embryonic tissue that develops into most neurons and glial cells, excluding microglia.
The embryonic hindbrain divides into the myelencephalon and metencephalon, critical for further brain development.

Sensory and Motor Integration

The reticular activating system (RAS) modulates activity in the cerebral cortex and maintains consciousness.
Equilibrium and motor coordination are central functions of the cerebellum, involving integration with the brainstem.

Neural Anatomy and Physiology

The great majority of commissural tracts pass through the corpus callosum to connect brain hemispheres.
Structures like ependymal cells and the choroid plexus are responsible for producing CSF.

Summary of Key Concepts

Distinction between sensory and cognitive experiences is vital for understanding functions in the same manner that general senses (touch, pressure, pain, etc.) differ from special senses (smell, hearing, balance).

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Questions and Answers

Describe the cerebral cortex.

The slender, transverse, parallel folds of the cerebellum are specifically called ____.

List the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep.

The _____, located between the bloodstream and nervous tissue of the brain, is impermeable to many solutes.

The _____ consists of at least 23 nuclei, most of which fall into five groups: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, and ventral.

The ability to close your eyes and still locate your nose is an example of ____.

Neural integration occurs in the midbrain.

Which of the following are considered 'special senses'? (Select all that apply)

The ______ is responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

The ______ divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

The ____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called ____.

During embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken, forming a ______.

The nonvisual perception, usually subconscious, of the position and movements of the body is called ____.

A temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated is called.

List structures located in the diencephalon.

The cerebrum is divided into _____ hemispheres.

How much CSF does the brain produce per day?

Name the structure that forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle serving as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system.

The ____ is located in the diencephalon on each side of the brain at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is called ____.

An memory-aiding phrase to help remember cranial nerves of other anatomy is called a ____.

The class of senses that include touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, and pain is called the ____ senses.

List the three major divisions of the brain.

The number of cerebral hemispheres present in the human brain is ____.

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

List, from rostral to caudal, the components of the brainstem.

Regions called _____ are the sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of a stimulus.

The _____ is a section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain.

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

Which structures are involved with emotional feelings and memories?

All of the following are considered general senses EXCEPT:

Name the area of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

Also known as smell, ______ signals are received by a cortical region in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe.

Name the embryonic structure that gives rise to most neurons and all glial cells except microglia.

Which of the following cranial nerves begin or end in the pons? (Select all that apply)

The cerebrum is divided into ____.

The conscious awareness of a stimulus (pain, taste, and color for example) is called ______.

The cerebral cortex consists of ____ matter.

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

The great majority of commissural tracts pass through the:

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is called the ____.

The primary auditory cortex is distributed between two lobes of each cerebral hemisphere. Identify these two lobes.

_____ refers to the sense of balance.

The _____ system is part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input and emotion.

The folds of the cerebellum are called:

Neurons whose axons project from the spinal cord or the brainstem to innervate skeletal muscles are called _____ motor neurons.

All of the following are considered general senses EXCEPT:

Considering the direction its impulses travel, where does the optic nerve terminate?

The ____ ventricle is a narrow median space inferior to the corpus callosum and receives fluid from the interventricular foramen.

The structure located between the pons and the diencephalon is the ______.

After embryonic development is complete, the mesencephalon will only develop into the _____.

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called ____.

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

The _____ region of the brain forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle.

The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called _____ motor neurons.

A neuron of the hypothalamus that responds to changes in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid is called a(n)

The great majority of commissural tracts pass through the:

_____ functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury?

During embryonic development, the midbrain does not divide and retains the name____.

How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?

The function of the cardiac center is to:

The _____ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

The nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord passing through the medulla are:

Also known as smell, ______ signals are received by a cortical region in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe.

The clinical test performed to measure the electrical activity in the brain is called an:

In the brain, tracts are located within the _____ matter.

The hypothalamic thermostat responds to changes in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.

The system that consists of sensory axons that modulate activity of the cerebral cortex and functions to maintain consciousness is called the ______ _____ _______, or RAS.

Which three of the following structures are agreed upon by all sources as components of the limbic system? (Select all that apply)

A brain wave is a measure of the _____ activity in the cells of the brain.

Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

After an injury to the head, Hans cannot remember the past several years of his life. Hans has _____ amnesia.

There are three types of tracts in the cerebral white matter.

The chief functions of the _____ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

The system that consists of sensory axons that modulate activity of the cerebral cortex and functions to maintain consciousness is called the ____ _ _____, or RAS.

The embryonic hindbrain divides into the and the _.

The primary somesthetic association area is located in the lobe and the .