AS 357 Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the Central Nervous System comprised of?

Brain

Peripheral nerves

Spinal Cord

Brain and Spinal Cord (correct)

What are the main parts of the brain?

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and nerve cells called neurons.

Which of the following are contents of the forebrain?

Cerebellum

Lobes (correct)

Cerebrum (correct)

Medulla

What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

Cognitive functions such as problem solving, judgement, and learning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the temporal lobe do?

Processes auditory information and encodes memory. Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal lobe process?

Sensory information (touch, taste, and temperature). Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Visual processing. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contents of the midbrain?

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland. Signup and view all the answers

What does the midbrain control?

Metabolic activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and fatigue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?

Master gland. Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

Responsible for the sleep cycle and secretes melatonin. Signup and view all the answers

What does the hindbrain consist of?

Medulla and cerebellum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medulla?

Controls bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Motor control and movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are three things that protect your brain?

Skull, meninges, blood-brain barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the skull?

General framework of the head. Signup and view all the answers

What are the meninges?

Three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Protects the brain from harmful chemicals and toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spinal cord?

Nerve bundles descending from the brain to the body. Signup and view all the answers

What protects the spinal cord?

Vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the peripheral nervous system?

The network of nerves branching outside the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

Sends signals to and from the brain, and controls movement and bodily functions. Signup and view all the answers

What do somatosensory receptors allow?

Information to go to the brain about body position and movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are proprioceptors?

Specialized nerve endings located in muscles and joints. Signup and view all the answers

How do nerve cells function?

By sending and receiving electro-chemical impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What two elements are important for the transmission of nerve impulses?

Sodium and potassium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Involuntary functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight or flight response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Rest and digest response. Signup and view all the answers

What are bones?

The mechanical framework of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What binds living cells in a mineralized matrix?

Ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What are five functions of bones?

Protection, shape, mineral storage, movement, blood production. Signup and view all the answers

Where are red and white blood cells produced?

Bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What do white blood cells do?

Fight infection. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of minerals are found in bones?

Calcium and phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

What is resorption?

Calcium is released from bones to supplement the body's needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is remodeling in relation to bones?

Calcium in the bloodstream is deposited into bones. Signup and view all the answers

What do muscles produce?

Force and movement. Signup and view all the answers

How are muscles attached to bones?

By tendons. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscles?

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac. Signup and view all the answers

What is skeletal muscle?

Voluntary muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is smooth muscle?

Involuntary muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac muscle?

Muscle of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction in the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

How do muscles contract?

The brain sends signals to motor neurons, causing an electro-chemical reaction in muscle fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What minerals are important for muscle health?

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to bone mass density?

Osteoporosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is Bone Mass Density (BMD)?

A measure of bone density or weight. Signup and view all the answers

What is the gastrointestinal tract responsible for?

Intake, processing, digestion, and expulsion of food, nutrients, water, and waste. Signup and view all the answers

What does the stomach produce?

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrochloric acid's role in digestion?

Necessary for digestion of food. Signup and view all the answers

What is pepsin?

An enzyme that breaks down proteins and amino acids in the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the small intestine?

Digestion primarily occurs and nutrients are absorbed. Signup and view all the answers

Where does bile come from and where is it stored?

Comes from the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of bile?

Absorbs lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, and excretes metabolites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the large intestine?

Collects and expels waste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the metabolic system?

Regulates, coordinates, and controls chemicals, energy, and functions of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the liver?

Bile, enzyme and cholesterol production; storage of sugar and carbs; detoxification. Signup and view all the answers

What does the gallbladder do?

Stores bile to be released in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Filter blood, control hydration, regulate blood volume and pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why do people get kidney stones?

Dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pancreas?

Produces insulin and other digestive enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What do the thyroid and parathyroid regulate?

Metabolic growth and blood calcium and phosphate levels. Signup and view all the answers

What does the circulatory system do?

Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does whole blood consist of?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma. Signup and view all the answers

What do platelets do?

Clot blood. Signup and view all the answers

What does plasma contain?

Minerals. Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take to recover from blood donation?

3 days to recover; 36 days for red blood cells to be replaced. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

Atria. Signup and view all the answers

What do the ventricles do?

Pump blood out of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What does the right ventricle do?

Pumps blood to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the left ventricle do?

Pumps blood to the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sinoatrial node?

Pacemaker of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac cycle?

Cycle of atrial and ventricle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What controls blood pressure?

Heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction. Signup and view all the answers

What are systolic and diastolic pressure?

120 pumping / 80 resting. Signup and view all the answers

What is an arrhythmia?

Abnormal heart rhythm. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrillation?

Uncontrolled quivering or twitching of the heart muscle. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stroke?

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

What is a heart attack?

Myocardial infarction. Signup and view all the answers

How does an Automatic External Defibrillator work?

It shocks the heart back to a normal rhythm. Signup and view all the answers

What is respiration?

The exchange of gases between the body and the outside air. Signup and view all the answers

What is external respiration?

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is active breathing?

Inhaling facilitated by rib cage and diaphragm muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive breathing?

Exhaling by relaxing muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is pressure breathing?

Forced air into the lungs when not able to breathe. Signup and view all the answers

What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange from lungs to blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of internal respiration?

Diffusion where gases pass through a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What does Grahams law state?

Gases follow a concentration gradient from low to high pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is normal O2 saturation?

95-98%. Signup and view all the answers

What does O2 combine with in your blood?

Hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

Gas exchange from blood to cells and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage do red blood cells make up of blood?

45%. Signup and view all the answers

What binds to hemoglobin?

Carbon dioxide and then oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Central Nervous System

Comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the body's control center.

Brain Structure

Divided into three main parts: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Contains nerve cells known as neurons.

Forebrain

Contains the cerebrum, responsible for cognitive functions including problem-solving, judgment, and memory.
Has lobes including the temporal lobe (auditory processing and memory encoding), parietal lobe (sensory processing), and occipital lobe (visual processing).

Midbrain

Houses the hypothalamus (regulates temperature, hunger, and fatigue), pituitary gland (master gland for growth and metabolism), and pineal gland (regulates sleep cycles and melatonin secretion).

Hindbrain

Comprises the medulla (controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate) and cerebellum (coordinates movement and balance).

Brain Protection

Protected by the skull, meninges (three membranes), and blood-brain barrier, which allows selective permeability for essential molecules.

Spinal Cord

Nerve bundles extending from the brain, protected by vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Networks of nerves outside the spinal cord, sending signals to and from the brain, controlling body functions, and receiving sensory information.

Autonomic Nervous System

Manages involuntary functions and consists of the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight response) and parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest).

Bones

Serve as the mechanical framework of the body; functions include protection, shape, mineral storage, movement, and blood production (red and white blood cells formed in bone marrow).

Muscle Types

Comprised of skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart muscle) types.
Muscles contract through signals from the brain to motor neurons, using glucose and oxygen.

Metabolic System

Regulates bodily chemicals, energy, and functions, with the liver playing a key role in processing nutrients and detoxification.

Gastrointestinal Tract

Responsible for the intake, digestion, and expulsion of food and waste. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsin for digestion.

Respiratory System

Handles gas exchange between body tissues and the environment; involves structures such as the mouth, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.
Internal respiration refers to gas exchange from lungs to blood, and cellular respiration involves transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues.

Blood Composition

Made up of red blood cells (45% of blood), white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, which contains minerals.
Platelets are essential for blood clotting.

Heart Anatomy

Composed of four main chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle; the sinoatrial node serves as the heart's pacemaker.
Blood pressure controlled by heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction.

Health Conditions

Arrhythmia refers to abnormal heart rhythms; fibrillation involves uncontrolled heart muscle contractions.
A stroke occurs due to interrupted blood supply to the brain, while a heart attack (myocardial infarction) involves blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

Important Facts

Normal oxygen saturation levels range from 95-98%.
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen and carbon dioxide, facilitating respiratory functions.

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Description

Prepare for your AS 357 exam with these flashcards focusing on the Central Nervous System and its components. Study the brain's structure including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, as well as the functions of the cerebrum. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of neurological concepts.