Artificial Intelligence Theory Exam 2022-23

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the contract net protocol in communication between multi-agent systems?

The contract net protocol is used for communication between multi-agent systems to facilitate task allocation and negotiation.

Define the water jug problem in AI and suggest a solution for it.

The water jug problem involves filling and measuring water using two jugs of known capacities. A solution involves using a series of pour operations to achieve a desired amount of water in one of the jugs.

Explain the role of NLP in AI and describe the stages of natural language processing in artificial intelligence.

NLP (Natural Language Processing) in AI is responsible for enabling machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language. The stages of NLP include tokenization, parsing, semantic analysis, and generation.

What is the role of the inference engine in learning for a knowledge-based agent?

The inference engine in a knowledge-based agent contributes to learning by using logical reasoning and rules to derive new knowledge or conclusions from existing knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the various components of a robot and explain how computer vision contributes in robotics.

The components of a robot include actuators, sensors, controllers, and end effectors. Computer vision contributes to robotics by enabling robots to perceive and interpret visual information from the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Define Artificial Intelligence. Is it different from intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It is different from human intelligence in the sense that it is exhibited by machines and software. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Turing test for intelligence.

The Turing test is a method of inquiry in artificial intelligence (AI) for determining whether or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being. It involves a human evaluator engaging in natural language conversations with a human and a machine, without knowing which is which, and then determining which is the machine. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between uninformed search and informed search.

Uninformed search, also known as blind search, does not have any additional information about the states or the goal. Informed search, on the other hand, uses specific knowledge about the problem to find the solution more efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of Unification in AI. Write some general syntax for a Prolog program.

Unification is the process of making two different expressions identical by finding values for variables. In Prolog, the general syntax for a program is to define facts, rules, and queries. Signup and view all the answers

Define speech act theory. How will you define the following speech act, if performative and content are defined as performative = request, content = 'the door is closed'?

Speech act theory is the study of what we do with language, rather than what we mean. The given speech act can be defined as a request to close the door. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between reactive agent and deliberative agent.

Reactive agents act purely based on sensory input and do not have an internal model of the world. Deliberative agents, on the other hand, have a model of the world and can plan actions based on that model. Signup and view all the answers

List various applications of Artificial Intelligence.

Some applications of AI include natural language processing, speech recognition, image recognition, autonomous vehicles, medical diagnosis, and recommendation systems. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the concept of Information retrieval.

Information retrieval is the process of obtaining information from a large repository of data, based on a user's query. It involves techniques like indexing, querying, and ranking to retrieve relevant information. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Multi-Agent Systems

Contract Net Protocol enables communication between agents, facilitating task allocation and negotiation.
This protocol allows agents to communicate and negotiate to achieve a common goal.

Water Jug Problem

Defined as a classic problem in AI, where we have two jugs of different capacities and need to measure a specific quantity.
Solution involves finding a sequence of actions to achieve the desired quantity using the two jugs.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) in AI

NLP enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Stages of NLP:
- Tokenization: breaking down text into individual words or tokens.
- Stop word removal: removing common words like "the", "and", etc.
- Stemming or Lemmatization: reducing words to their base form.
- Named Entity Recognition (NER): identifying entities like names, locations, etc.
- Sentiment Analysis: determining the sentiment of text (positive, negative, neutral).

Inference Engine in Knowledge-Based Agent

The inference engine is responsible for drawing conclusions from the knowledge base.
It applies logical rules to deduce new information from the existing knowledge base.

Robotics and Computer Vision

A robot consists of various components: sensors, actuators, power supply, control system, and manipulator.
Computer vision contributes to robotics by enabling robots to perceive and understand their environment through image processing and object recognition.

Artificial Intelligence

Defined as the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, and decision-making.
Different from human intelligence, as it is a simulation of human thought processes in machines.

Turing Test for Intelligence

A test proposed by Alan Turing to assess a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.
The test evaluates a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior in natural language conversations.

Uninformed Search vs Informed Search

Uninformed search involves searching for a solution without using additional information about the problem state.
Informed search uses heuristics to guide the search towards more promising areas of the solution space.

Unification in AI

Unification is a process in logic-based AI systems that finds the most general unifier (MGU) for two expressions.
This process is essential in logic-based systems, such as Prolog, for solving equations and making deductions.

Prolog Program Syntax

A Prolog program consists of:
- Facts: statements that are assumed to be true.
- Rules: conditional statements that deduce conclusions based on facts.
- Queries: requests to the Prolog system to find a solution or prove a goal.

Speech Act Theory

Speech Act Theory, developed by J.L. Austin, studies how language is used to perform actions.
Example: "Can you close the door?" is a request, and the content is "the door is closed".

Reactive Agent vs Deliberative Agent

Reactive agents respond to stimuli in their environment without considering future consequences.
Deliberative agents, on the other hand, make decisions based on their current state, goals, and planning.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

AI applications include:
- Natural Language Processing
- Robotics
- Expert Systems
- Image and Speech Recognition
- Gaming
- Healthcare

Information Retrieval

The process of retrieving relevant information from a large dataset or collection of documents.
Techniques used in information retrieval include:
- Indexing
- Querying
- Ranking
- Relevance Feedback

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Description

Test your knowledge of Artificial Intelligence with this theory exam for B.TECH. (SEM VII) students. The exam covers topics such as defining AI, the Turing test, and differentiating between uninformed and informed search.