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Questions and Answers
What is the main distinction between AI and human intelligence?
What is the main distinction between AI and human intelligence?
AI systems can completely replicate human thought processes.
AI systems can completely replicate human thought processes.
False
Who designed the Turing Test?
Who designed the Turing Test?
Alan Turing
Artificial Intelligence is the science of making computers do things that require __________ when done by humans.
Artificial Intelligence is the science of making computers do things that require __________ when done by humans.
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Match the AI system types with their characteristics:
Match the AI system types with their characteristics:
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Which component of an agent is responsible for receiving data?
Which component of an agent is responsible for receiving data?
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The performance of computers improves significantly in unforeseen situations.
The performance of computers improves significantly in unforeseen situations.
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What is one method that AI systems use to behave like humans?
What is one method that AI systems use to behave like humans?
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Which statement correctly describes Bare Bones language?
Which statement correctly describes Bare Bones language?
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Public keys are used to decrypt messages in public-key cryptography.
Public keys are used to decrypt messages in public-key cryptography.
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What problem does RSA public key cryptography primarily rely on?
What problem does RSA public key cryptography primarily rely on?
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In the context of Bare Bones language, the command 'while name not 0 do; ... end;' is used for __________.
In the context of Bare Bones language, the command 'while name not 0 do; ... end;' is used for __________.
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Match the following types of keys in public-key cryptography with their usage:
Match the following types of keys in public-key cryptography with their usage:
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What does the Halting Problem involve?
What does the Halting Problem involve?
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What is the goal of the knapsack problem in the context of encryption?
What is the goal of the knapsack problem in the context of encryption?
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The Bare Bones language can only handle one variable at a time.
The Bare Bones language can only handle one variable at a time.
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What is a function in computer science?
What is a function in computer science?
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A non-computable function can be calculated by an algorithm.
A non-computable function can be calculated by an algorithm.
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What are the three actions of a Turing machine at each step?
What are the three actions of a Turing machine at each step?
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The theory that states the functions computable by a Turing machine are the same as those computable by any __________ means is known as the Church-Turing Thesis.
The theory that states the functions computable by a Turing machine are the same as those computable by any __________ means is known as the Church-Turing Thesis.
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Match the following types of language with their properties:
Match the following types of language with their properties:
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Which of the following best describes a Turing machine?
Which of the following best describes a Turing machine?
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Incrementing a value on a Turing machine involves changing its state and writing a new value.
Incrementing a value on a Turing machine involves changing its state and writing a new value.
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What type of language can express a solution to any computable function?
What type of language can express a solution to any computable function?
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What is the purpose of modular arithmetic in the context of the hard knapsack problem?
What is the purpose of modular arithmetic in the context of the hard knapsack problem?
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The sum of all values in the easy knapsack system is 1685.
The sum of all values in the easy knapsack system is 1685.
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What are the 'magic numbers' used in the hard knapsack problem?
What are the 'magic numbers' used in the hard knapsack problem?
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The resulting list after multiplying each entry in the easy knapsack system by 642 is __________.
The resulting list after multiplying each entry in the easy knapsack system by 642 is __________.
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Match the numbers with their mathematical operation in the hard knapsack problem:
Match the numbers with their mathematical operation in the hard knapsack problem:
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When defining equivalence in modular arithmetic, integers with the same remainder when divided by a modulus are said to be:
When defining equivalence in modular arithmetic, integers with the same remainder when divided by a modulus are said to be:
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In order to use modular arithmetic effectively, the modulus must be less than the sum of all values in the list.
In order to use modular arithmetic effectively, the modulus must be less than the sum of all values in the list.
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What is the resulting remainder when using the modulus of 2311 with a target sum multiplied by 18?
What is the resulting remainder when using the modulus of 2311 with a target sum multiplied by 18?
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Study Notes
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- AI is the science of making computers perform tasks that require intelligence when performed by humans.
- Multiple definitions exist for AI.
Distinction between AI and Human
- Computers outperform humans in terms of speed and accuracy.
- Computers struggle with unforeseen situations and their performance deteriorates rapidly.
- Humans struggle with complex computations but possess reasoning and intuitive abilities.
- Humans are more likely to comprehend results and determine subsequent computations.
AI - Different Perspectives
- Many definitions focus on thought process, reasoning, and behavior.
- Thinking like humans: Achieving this through introspection (analyzing one's own thoughts) and psychological experience.
- Acting like humans: This involves areas such as natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning.
- Thinking rationally: Aiming for systems driven by logic and deduction allowing them to solve problems by applying logical rules to a description of the problem.
- Acting rationally: Systems are deemed rational when they perform the correct actions.
The Turing Test
- Developed by Alan M. Turing, the test evaluates machine intelligence.
- It involves an interrogator, a human respondent, and a machine to be tested.
- The interrogator aims to discern if the machine or the human is providing responses.
- Turing's test focuses on the machine's ability to fool the interrogator into believing it is a human.
Agent
- An agent is a device that responds to stimuli from its environment, similar to a robot.
- Agents have sensors for receiving data, and actuators for interacting with the environment.
Functions
- A relationship between possible input and output values where each input has a single output.
- Computing a function means determining output from input.
- A non-computable function is one that cannot be solved by any algorithm.
Turing Machine
- Has a tape, a read/write head, and a state register.
- Uses instructions to read, write, and move the head.
- Each step uses the state and tape value as input.
Incrementing a Value
- Turing Machine reads tape, changes state, writes the incremented value, and moves the head.
- Uses a specific set of states and instructions to achieve the task.
Church-Turing Thesis
- States that any problem solvable by Turing Machine is also solvable by an algorithm and vice versa.
Universal Programming Language
- Can be used to express any computable function.
- Examples include Bare Bones and popular programming languages.
Bare Bones Language
- A simple but universal language.
- Uses statements like
clear name,incr name,decr name, andwhile name not 0 do.
The Halting Problem
- Given any program's encoded version, determine if it will terminate or not.
- This problem is unsolvable, meaning no algorithm can solve it for every case.
Public-Key Cryptography
- Uses key values for encryption and decryption.
- Public keys are used for encryption, while private keys are for decryption.
- RSA is a popular algorithm that relies on the assumed difficulty of factoring large numbers.
Encryption via Knapsack Problem
- Selects numbers from a set to add up to a target value.
- Encrypts messages by breaking them into segments, representing each segment as a number, and then selecting values from a list to get a sum that represents the segment.
- The process involves encoding messages with a specific set of numbers, making it tough for an unauthorized person to decode without the key.
Easy & Hard Knapsack Problems
- Easy Knapsack: Each number is larger than the sum of the preceding numbers, making decoding relatively simple.
- Hard Knapsack: Utilizes three magic numbers for encryption. It creates a list of numbers by multiplying a set of numbers with a magic number, then taking the remainders after dividing by another magic number.
Modular Arithmetic
- Replaces integers with their remainders after division by a fixed value, known as the modulus.
- Two numbers that leave the same remainder when divided by a modulus are considered equivalent modulo that number.
- Essential in cryptography for building secure encryption methods.
Encryption Process in the Hard Knapsack Problem
- The process involves a modulus ‘m’ and multiplicative inverses ‘x’ and ‘y’ in modulo ‘m’.
- Encrypted messages are decoded using modular arithmetic, which relies on these specific numbers for decryption.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence, including its definitions and the distinctions between AI and human intelligence. Understand how AI operates in comparison to human reasoning and performance in various tasks.
