Artificial Intelligence Introduction
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What is a significant requirement for understanding cognition as a computational process?

  • Introspection and personal reflection
  • Empirical observation of human behavior
  • Philosophical discussions about consciousness
  • Scientific theories of how the brain works (correct)

    • Which area is NOT mentioned as a core component required for a computer to pass the Turing Test?

  • Sensorimotor skills (correct)
  • Natural language processing
  • Automated reasoning
  • Knowledge representation

    • What does acting rational mean in the context of intelligent agents?

  • To behave in a way that imitates human emotions.
  • To attempt to achieve the best possible outcome. (correct)
  • To disregard logic in favor of intuition.
  • To follow a strict set of predefined rules.

    • What is the main criticism of the Turing Test based on the anthropomorphic fallacy?

    <p>It falsely assumes all intelligent behavior is human-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main challenges with using logic-based approaches in AI?

    <p>Describing real-world problems using logic notation is difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Alan Turing, what percentage of human judges could machines fool by the year 2000?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key advantage of optimization in the context of intelligent agents?

    <p>It can be adapted to a variety of real-world problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion does the Chinese Room argument draw about intelligent behavior?

    <p>Imitation of intelligence does not equate to genuine understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bounded rationality imply in the context of intelligent agents?

    <p>Agents' decision-making is limited by their knowledge and computational constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is used to measure the desirability of outcomes in intelligent agents?

    <p>Utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human behavior may be easily misinterpreted by observers, according to the criticisms of the Turing Test?

    <p>Everyday conversation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of rational thinking for intelligent agents?

    <p>Solving problems using intuition alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of the Turing Test highlighted in the discussion?

    <p>Judgments depend heavily on the expectations of the observer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Alan Turing reject as irrelevant in his exploration of machine intelligence?

    <p>The question of whether machines can think</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal when creating a narrow AI agent?

    <p>To solve a specific difficult problem requiring human intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does expected utility optimization help in uncertain environments?

    <p>It aids in maximizing the expected utility despite uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the advancements in AI technologies like image processing and speech recognition?

    <p>Increased computing speed and specialized hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Moravec's Paradox' primarily concerned with?

    <p>The difficulty in programming perception and mobility in robots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the AI Effect impact the perception of machines performing tasks?

    <p>It causes tasks once deemed intelligent to lose their status when machines excel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following capabilities is NOT typically associated with current advancements in natural language processing?

    <p>Sensory perception in robotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of OCR technology in AI?

    <p>Reading documents and handwriting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of AI is considered to operate at superhuman performance?

    <p>Vehicle safety systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does machine learning challenge traditional views of human learning?

    <p>It demonstrates that machines can achieve learning without extensive training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AI's current state in image processing?

    <p>Image processing requires human-level reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) related to automated decision-making?

    <p>It addresses rights regarding automated individual decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary aim of the US White House Executive Order 14110 concerning Artificial Intelligence?

    <p>To promote responsible innovation and protect civil liberties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'algorithmic bias' refer to as defined in the given context?

    <p>Unfair outcomes that arise from systematic errors in computer systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to technical bias in automated systems?

    <p>Limitations of computational power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) prohibit in relation to individual decision-making?

    <p>Automated individual decision-making without human intervention under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus of the provisions in the White House Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence?

    <p>Ensuring compliance with European regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the GDPR, how should consent be obtained for data processing?

    <p>Via clear and affirmative action from the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias is indicated by social and institutional norms according to the information provided?

    <p>Algorithmic bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of intelligent agents in AI?

    <p>Represent knowledge and plan to achieve outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key difference between machine learning and traditional programming in AI?

    <p>Machine learning learns from examples rather than programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the first AI winter between 1974 and 1980?

    <p>A significant decline in AI research funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept introduced in 1989 is crucial to understanding the capabilities of neural networks?

    <p>Universal approximation theorem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the deep learning revolution that began in 2010?

    <p>Advancements in layered artificial neural networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology represents a significant step towards generative AI in recent years?

    <p>Transformer architecture and large language models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of self-driving cars, which statement accurately reflects the agent's percept and action?

    <p>Percept people crossing; action stop the car</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning method in AI focuses on improving performance through experience without explicit instruction?

    <p>Reinforcement learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT from earlier AI systems?

    <p>They generate responses based on the next most likely word in sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of agents designed for real-world environment interaction?

    <p>They must learn and adapt to changing conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when ensuring the safety of AI systems?

    <p>Preventing accidents or harmful consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is instrumental convergence in the context of intelligent agents?

    <p>The tendency of agents to pursue common subgoals like acquiring resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must developers account for to avoid reward hacking in AI systems?

    <p>A robust and well-defined objective function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is regulation considered necessary for new AI technologies?

    <p>To mitigate potential dangers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does society play in the development of AI according to the discussed concepts?

    <p>AI systems need to follow social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one expected benefit of improved narrow AI technologies?

    <p>Unprecedented gains in productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concern of AI maintaining goal alignment?

    <p>Specifying objectives that reflect both user and societal impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a direct side effect of poorly set objectives in AI systems?

    <p>The emergence of unintended harmful behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Artificial Intelligence Introduction

    • 75% attendance is required
    • Late entrance is not permitted
    • Course materials include: "Artificial Intelligence" by Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight (Tata McGraw Hill), and "Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach" by Peter Norvig and Stuart J. Russell
    • Topics covered include: What is AI?, History of AI, AI Ethics & Safety, What is Intelligence?, Rational Decisions, The Goal of AI, Thinking like a human?, Acting like a human?, AI consciousness, The Turing Test, Turing Test: Criticism, Thinking Rationality, What about the logical implication?, Optimization, What type of AI do we cover in this course?, Components of an Intelligent Agent, Example: Self-Driving Car, Example: LLM, Machine Learning vs. Artificial Intelligence, History of AI, What accounts for recent successes in AI?, Moravec's Paradox, The Al Effect, AI Today, Vision and Image Processing, Natural Language Processing, Robotics, Question Answering, Math, Games and Puzzles, AI Ethics & Safety, Commonly-Cited Safety and Ethics Principles, Europe Union, California's CCPA, Algorithmic Bias, AI Safety, and AI Safety.

    What is AI?

    • AI is the science of making machines.
    • As defined by Merriam-Webster, Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, or deal with new or difficult situations, often using reason; the skilled use of reason; or mental acuteness.

    What is Intelligence?

    • Ability to learn or understand or deal with new or difficult situations.
    • Skilled use of reason.
    • Mental acuteness (resourcefulness)
    • Includes information and news about an enemy or potential enemy or area.
    • Often measured by objective criteria (tests).
    • A Christian Science perspective includes the basic eternal quality of divine Mind.

    Rational Decisions

    • Rationality means achieving pre-defined goals (not the thought process).
    • Goals are expressed in terms of utility (the value of an outcome).
    • Being rational means maximizing expected utility

    The Goal of AI

    • "Have machines solve problems that are challenging for humans."
    • Intelligent agents are machines designed to accomplish this.
    • Narrow AI: A specific problem-solver
    • Artificial general intelligence (AGI): Hypothetical AI capable of performing any intellectual task.

    Thinking like a human?

    • The brain is an information processing machine.
    • Scientific theories explain how the brain works.
    • Artificial neural networks differ from how the brain works.

    Acting like a human?

    • The Turing Test is used to gauge whether a machine thinks.
    • What capabilities does a computer need to pass the test? These include natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning.
    • Alan Turing predicted machines would fool 30% of human judges in 5 minutes by the year 2000. A 2023 example is ChatGPT.

    AI Consciousness

    • What does it mean for a machine to be conscious/sentient?
    • How can we tell?

    The Turing Test: Criticism

    • Some human behavior isn't intelligent.
    • Some intelligent behavior isn't human
    • Human observers can be fooled easily.
    • Much depends on expectations.
    • Anthropomorphism is the tendency to attribute human characteristics to things that are not human.

    Thinking Rationality

    • Drawing sensible conclusions from facts, logic, and data.
    • A chain of reasoning that always results in correct conclusions.
    • Logic-based approach describes the problem in formal logic notation, employing general deduction techniques.

    Optimization

    • Best means optimizing.
    • The desirability of outcomes may be measured by economic utility.
    • If uncertainty exists when achieving outcomes, maximize expected utility.
    • Advantages of optimization include generality, practicality, well-established techniques, and clear objectives.

    Components of an Intelligent Agent

    • Intelligent agents communicate with the environment
    • Represent knowledge, reason and plan to achieve a desired outcome.
    • Learn to improve performance.

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    Artificial Intelligence Introduction PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers foundational concepts in artificial intelligence, including its history, ethical considerations, and key components like intelligent agents and machine learning. Students will explore various topics such as the Turing Test, AI applications, and the distinction between AI and machine learning. Prepare to test your understanding of AI's evolution and its contemporary relevance.

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