Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals

Definition: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Subfields:
- Machine Learning: A type of AI that enables machines to learn from data and improve their performance over time.
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): A subfield of AI that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language.
- Computer Vision: A subfield of AI that deals with enabling computers to interpret and understand visual information from the world.
Applications:
- Robotics: AI is used to control and navigate robots.
- Image and Speech Recognition: AI is used to recognize and interpret images and speech.
- Expert Systems: AI is used to create systems that mimic human decision-making.

Definition: An algorithm is a set of instructions that is designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task.
Types:
- Sorting Algorithms: Algorithms that arrange data in a specific order (e.g., Bubble Sort, Quick Sort).
- Searching Algorithms: Algorithms that find specific data within a dataset (e.g., Linear Search, Binary Search).
- Graph Algorithms: Algorithms that operate on graph data structures (e.g., Dijkstra's Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm).
Analysis:
- Time Complexity: The amount of time an algorithm takes to complete.
- Space Complexity: The amount of memory an algorithm uses.

Definition: A database system is a collection of data that is organized and stored in a way that allows for efficient retrieval and manipulation.
Components:
- Database Management System (DBMS): The software that manages the database.
- Database Schema: The structure and organization of the database.
- Data: The actual information stored in the database.
Types:
- Relational Databases: Databases that organize data into tables with defined relationships.
- NoSQL Databases: Databases that do not use traditional table-based structures.

Definition: Computer networking refers to the communication and exchange of data between computers and devices over a shared network.
Network Topologies:
- Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects devices in a limited geographical area.
- Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects devices over a larger geographical area.
- Wireless Network (WLAN): A network that connects devices wirelessly.
Protocols:
- TCP/IP: A set of protocols that govern communication over the internet.
- HTTP: A protocol that governs communication between web servers and clients.

Definition: A data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be efficiently accessed and manipulated.
Types:
- Arrays: A collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory locations.
- Linked Lists: A collection of elements that are stored in non-contiguous memory locations and are linked together.
- Stacks: A Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) data structure that follows a particular order of insertion and deletion.
- Queues: A First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure that follows a particular order of insertion and deletion.
Operations:
- Insertion: Adding an element to a data structure.
- Deletion: Removing an element from a data structure.
- Traversal: Accessing each element in a data structure.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves developing computer systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
AI has various subfields: Machine Learning (enabling machines to learn from data), Natural Language Processing (interaction between computers and human language), and Computer Vision (enabling computers to interpret visual information).
AI applications include Robotics (controlling and navigating robots), Image and Speech Recognition (recognizing and interpreting images and speech), and Expert Systems (mimicking human decision-making).

An algorithm is a set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task.
Types of algorithms include Sorting Algorithms (arranging data in a specific order), Searching Algorithms (finding specific data within a dataset), and Graph Algorithms (operating on graph data structures).
Algorithm analysis involves considering Time Complexity (the amount of time an algorithm takes to complete) and Space Complexity (the amount of memory an algorithm uses).

A database system is a collection of data organized and stored for efficient retrieval and manipulation.
Database components include the Database Management System (DBMS), Database Schema, and actual data.
Types of databases include Relational Databases (organizing data into tables with defined relationships) and NoSQL Databases (not using traditional table-based structures).

Computer networking involves communication and data exchange between computers and devices over a shared network.
Network topologies include Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Wireless Network (WLAN).
Networking protocols include TCP/IP (governing communication over the internet) and HTTP (governing communication between web servers and clients).

A data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer for efficient access and manipulation.
Types of data structures include Arrays (collections of elements in contiguous memory locations), Linked Lists (collections of elements linked together in non-contiguous memory locations), Stacks (Last-In-First-Out data structures), and Queues (First-In-First-Out data structures).
Data structure operations include Insertion (adding an element), Deletion (removing an element), and Traversal (accessing each element).