Artificial Intelligence Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does a graphical model represent?

The conditional independence structure between random variables.

What defines strong AI?

Artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence.

What is the focus of the situated approach in agent design?

Behaving usefully in an environment and basic perceptual and motor skills.

What is embodied cognition?

Directly simulating the functions associated with the body, such as perception and motion. Signup and view all the answers

What does AI winter refer to?

A decline in funding and interest in AI research Signup and view all the answers

What is inference?

The act of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. Signup and view all the answers

What is deductive reasoning?

The process of reasoning from general statements to reach a logically certain conclusion. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes inductive reasoning?

Constructing or evaluating propositions based on individual observations. Signup and view all the answers

What is analogy in cognitive processes?

Transferring information or meaning from a source subject to a target subject. Signup and view all the answers

What is Artificial Intelligence?

The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Signup and view all the answers

Within artificial intelligence, a __________ is one that maximizes its expected utility, given its current knowledge.

Rational Agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the Turing Test designed for?

To provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What is Natural Language Processing?

A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages. Signup and view all the answers

Define Intelligent Agent.

An autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and directs its activity towards achieving goals. Signup and view all the answers

What does Knowledge Representation (KR) involve?

Translation of information into symbols to facilitate inferencing from those information elements. Signup and view all the answers

What is Automated Reasoning?

An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is Machine Learning?

A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data. Signup and view all the answers

What is Computer Vision?

A field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and high-dimensional data. Signup and view all the answers

Define Robotics.

The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of autonomous machines. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cognitive Science?

The interdisciplinary field that combines AI models and experimental techniques from psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What are Syllogisms?

Patterns for argument structures that always yield correct conclusions when given correct premises. Signup and view all the answers

What is Logic?

The philosophical study of valid reasoning and examines general forms that arguments may take. Signup and view all the answers

One of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic is called _________.

Logicism Signup and view all the answers

An agent that acts to achieve the best or expected outcome is called a __________.

Rational Agent Signup and view all the answers

The idea of __________ suggests that rationality in decision-making is based on available information.

Bounded Rationality Signup and view all the answers

Descartes was a strong advocate of the power of reasoning in understanding the world, a philosophy now called _________.

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

In addition to rationalism, Descartes was also a proponent of __________.

Dualism Signup and view all the answers

Define Materialism.

An alternative to dualism, holding that the brain's operation according to the laws of physics constitutes the mind. Signup and view all the answers

What is Empiricism?

Characterized by the dictum of John Locke: 'Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses.' Signup and view all the answers

The Principle of ________ says that general rules are acquired by repeated associations.

Induction Signup and view all the answers

What is Logical Positivism?

A philosophy that combines empiricism with a version of rationalism. Signup and view all the answers

Observation Sentences hold that all knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected to __________.

Sensory inputs Signup and view all the answers

Define Confirmation Theory.

It attempted to analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Algorithm?

A step-by-step procedure for calculations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Incompleteness Theorem?

Gödel's idea on the inherent limitations of axiomatic systems capable of doing arithmetic. Signup and view all the answers

Define Computability.

The ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is Intractability?

Problems that can be theoretically solved but take too long in practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is NP-Complete (NP-C)?

A class of decision problems verifiable in polynomial time but with no known efficient way to find solutions. Signup and view all the answers

The third great contribution of mathematics to AI is the theory of _________.

Probability Signup and view all the answers

What is Utility?

The mathematical treatment of preferred outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define Decision Theory.

A combination of probability theory with utility theory providing a framework for decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Game in terms of utility?

A scenario where the actions of one player can significantly affect another's utility. Signup and view all the answers

What does Game Theory study?

The mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. Signup and view all the answers

Define Operations Research.

A discipline that deals with applications of analytical methods to help make better decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What are Markov Decision Processes (MDPs)?

A mathematical framework for modeling decision-making in partly random situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is Satisficing?

A decision-making strategy that attempts to meet an acceptability threshold. Signup and view all the answers

Define Neuroscience.

The study of the nervous system, particularly the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Neuron?

An electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information. Signup and view all the answers

What is Technological Singularity?

The hypothetical future emergence of greater-than-human intelligence through technological means. Signup and view all the answers

Define Behaviorism.

A theory that rejected mental processes as valid evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A subdiscipline exploring internal mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

What does Cognitive Science examine?

The interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is Control Theory?

An interdisciplinary branch dealing with the behavior of dynamical systems. Signup and view all the answers

Intelligence could be created by the use of _____________ containing appropriate feedback loops.

Homeostatic Devices Signup and view all the answers

Wiener's book ___________ became a bestseller and introduced the idea of intelligent machines.

Cybernetics Signup and view all the answers

Modern control theory aims to maximize an ___________ over time.

Objective Function Signup and view all the answers

Define Computational Linguistics.

An interdisciplinary field dealing with statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language. Signup and view all the answers

What does Knowledge Representation (KR) involve?

Analysis of how to reason accurately and use symbols to represent facts. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Hebb?

The man who demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Physical Symbol System?

Takes physical patterns, combining them into structures and manipulating them. Signup and view all the answers

What is Lisp?

A family of computer programming languages with a parenthesized Polish prefix notation. Signup and view all the answers

Microworlds are limited problems that appeared to require intelligence to solve, known as __________.

Microworlds Signup and view all the answers

What is Adaline?

A single layer neural network consisting of a weight, a bias, and a summation function. Signup and view all the answers

Define Perceptron.

An algorithm for the supervised classification of inputs into two possible outputs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Perceptron Convergence Theorem state?

The learning algorithm can adjust the connection strengths of a perceptron to match any input data. Signup and view all the answers

The illusion of unlimited computational power is also referred to as ____________.

Machine Evolution Signup and view all the answers

Define Genetic Algorithms.

A search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. Signup and view all the answers

What defines Weak Methods?

Approaches that do not scale up to large or difficult problem instances. Signup and view all the answers

What are Expert Systems?

Computer systems emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. Signup and view all the answers

MYCIN incorporated a calculus of uncertainty called __________.

Certainty Factors Signup and view all the answers

What are Frames in AI?

An AI data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures representing stereotyped situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is Back-Propagation?

A common method of training artificial neural networks to minimize the objective function. Signup and view all the answers

Define Connectionist.

Approaches that model mental phenomena as emergent processes of interconnected networks. Signup and view all the answers

What are Hidden Markov Models?

A statistical Markov model where the system has unobserved states. Signup and view all the answers

What is Data Mining?

A process resulting in the discovery of new patterns in large data sets. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Bayesian Network?

A probabilistic graphical model representing random variables and their dependencies. Signup and view all the answers

What is Human-Level AI?

A form of AI striving for machines that think, learn, and create. Signup and view all the answers

What does HLAI stand for?

Human-Level Artificial Intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What is Artificial General Intelligence?

The search for a universal algorithm for learning and acting in any environment. Signup and view all the answers

Define Friendly AI.

An artificial intelligence that has a positive rather than negative effect on humanity. Signup and view all the answers

What is Epistemology?

The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Define Bayesian Inference.

A method in statistics for updating the probability estimate for a hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is Optimization?

The selection of the best element from available alternatives. Signup and view all the answers

Define Hebbian Theory.

A theory explaining the adaptation of neurons during learning processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is Neuroevolution?

A form of machine learning using evolutionary algorithms to train neural networks. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Evolutionary Algorithm?

A metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by biological evolution. Signup and view all the answers

Define Evolutionary Computation.

A subfield of AI involving combinatorial optimization problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Markov Model?

A stochastic model assuming the Markov property. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Markov Property?

Refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process. Signup and view all the answers

What is Stochastic Calculus?

A branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Artificial Intelligence

Concerns the creation of machines that exhibit intelligence.
Encompasses various subfields including machine learning, robotics, and natural language processing.

Rational Agent

Defined as an agent maximizing expected utility based on knowledge.
Acts to achieve the best outcome in scenarios with uncertainty.

Turing Test

Provides a framework for defining machine intelligence.
Assesses whether a machine's behavior is indistinguishable from that of a human.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Combines computer science and linguistics to enable machines to understand and interact using human languages.

Intelligent Agent

Autonomous entities that perceive their environment and act towards achieving specified goals.

Knowledge Representation (KR)

Translates information into symbols for effective inference and information creation.

Automated Reasoning

Aims to understand various dimensions of thought processes through computer science and mathematical logic.

Machine Learning

Involves algorithm design for computers to adapt behaviors based on empirical data from sensors and databases.

Computer Vision

Involves methods for processing and understanding images and high-dimensional data to derive actionable information.

Robotics

Focuses on designing and operating autonomous machines with sensory feedback and information processing capabilities.

Cognitive Science

Interdisciplinary field integrating AI models and psychological techniques to study human cognition.

Syllogisms

Logical structures providing patterns for valid arguments and conclusions based on premises.

Logic

Explores valid reasoning strategies and identifies forms of logical fallacies.

Logicism

Philosophical stance suggesting that mathematics is reducible to logic.

Bounded Rationality

Concept stating that individuals' rational decision-making is limited by available information and cognitive capacity.

Rationalism

Philosophy emphasizing reasoning as a key understanding tool, associated with thinkers like Descartes and Aristotle.

Dualism

Descartes' belief in a non-physical component of the mind that exists outside of nature's laws.

Materialism

Contrasts dualism, positing that the mind arises entirely from physical brain operations.

Empiricism

Philosophy asserting knowledge originates from sensory experiences.

Induction

Principle stating general rules emerge from repeated associations.

Logical Positivism

Merges empiricism and rationalism to form a unified epistemological framework.

Confirmation Theory

Explores how knowledge is gained through experiential evidence.

Algorithm

Step-by-step procedures for performing calculations and solving problems.

Incompleteness Theorem

Gödel's assertion on the limitations of formal axiomatic systems in arithmetic.

Computability

Relates to problem-solving efficiency and correspondence to algorithms.

Intractability

Describes theoretically solvable problems that are practically too complex to address.

NP-Complete (NP-C)

Class of decision problems where solutions can be verified quickly but locating those solutions is not efficient.

Probability

A fundamental mathematical concept crucial for AI, highlighted by Gerolamo Cardano's work.

Utility

Mathematical representation of preferred outcomes, refined through the work of economists.

Decision Theory

Integrates probability and utility theories to inform decision-making under uncertainty.

Game Theory

Studies strategic decision-making, focusing on the interactions between rational agents.

Operations Research

Applies analytical methods to improve decision-making and management practices.

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs)

Mathematical framework for modeling decisions with both random and controlled outcomes.

Satisficing

Strategy aiming for adequate solutions rather than optimizing for the best outcome.

Neuroscience

Study of the brain and nervous system's structure and functions.

Neuron

Specialized cell responsible for processing and transmitting information through electrical signals.

Technological Singularity

Theoretical future point when machines surpass human intelligence, creating unpredictable advancements.

Behaviorism

Approach dismissing mental processes based on the reliability of introspection.

Cognitive Psychology

Explores how humans process internal mental activities, including perception and problem-solving.

Control Theory

Engineering discipline focused on managing dynamical systems to maintain desired outputs.

Homeostatic Devices

Mechanisms conceptualized to achieve stable adaptive behavior through feedback loops.

Cybernetics

Research field established by Wiener, exploring control and communication in machines.

Objective Function

Central goal in control theory aimed at maximizing a defined quantity over time.

Computational Linguistics

Combines linguistics and computer science to model natural language computationally.

Hebb’s Principle

Demonstrates how neurons adapt by modifying connection strengths during learning.

Physical Symbol System

Composes symbols that convey information through structured manipulation.

Lisp

Long-standing AI programming language characterized by its distinct syntax.

Microworlds

Limited problem domains selected for AI development, focusing on specific intelligence tasks.

Adaline

A basic neural network model consisting of weights and activation functions.

Perceptron

Binary classification algorithm utilizing linear functions for decision-making.

Back-Propagation

Common neural network training approach for refining outputs to minimize errors.

Genetic Algorithms

Heuristic search methodologies inspired by natural evolutionary processes for optimization.

Neural Networks

AI models mimicking brain functionality by interconnecting simpler units to achieve complex behaviors.

Expert Systems

AI systems replicating human expertise to solve complicated problems through reasoning.

Certainty Factors

Uncertainty calculus introduced in MYCIN for medical diagnosis assessments.

Frames

AI data structures representing stereotyped situations to form comprehensive knowledge concepts.

Connectionist Models

Approaches modeling cognition and behavior as emergent from networks of interconnected units.

Hidden Markov Models

Statistical models assuming unobserved states in a Markov process framework.

Data Mining

Discovery of patterns in large data sets using AI, machine learning, and statistical methods.

Bayesian Network

Probability model representing variable dependencies through a directed acyclic graph.

Human-Level AI

Concept aiming to develop machines capable of human-like learning, thinking, and creativity.

Strong AI

Represents AI with capabilities matching or exceeding human cognitive skills.

Nouvelle AI

1980s research approach focusing on insect-level intelligence viability over human-level performance.

Situated Approach

Agent design methodology emphasizing environmental interaction over abstract reasoning.

Embodied Cognition

Cognitive processes simulating bodily functions directly rather than through logical abstractions.

AI Winter

Periods of reduced interest and funding in AI research, characterized by cycles of hype and disappointment.### Inference
Inference involves drawing logical conclusions from premises that are known or assumed to be true.
The conclusion reached through inference is referred to as an idiomatic.

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the process of moving from general statements to reach a logically certain conclusion.
It operates by using true premises to arrive at a conclusion that is also true.

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning constructs or evaluates propositions based on observations from individual instances within a specific class.
This reasoning is distinct from arriving at a general conclusion through specific examples.

Analogy

Analogy is a cognitive process that transfers information or meaning from one subject (the source) to another (the target).
It highlights connections between different concepts by drawing parallels.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in artificial intelligence with these flashcards. Each card provides essential definitions and terms that are fundamental to understanding AI. Perfect for students or enthusiasts looking to enhance their understanding of this crucial field.