Artificial Intelligence Concepts Quiz
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What is the primary focus of artificial intelligence (AI)?

  • Programming machines to perform repetitive tasks
  • Creating smart devices that can connect to the internet
  • Developing intelligent machines that mimic human cognitive functions (correct)
  • Building complex software systems for data analysis

    • Which foundational concept is described as the backbone of AI?

  • Deep Learning
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Artificial Neural Networks
  • Machine Learning (correct)

    • What are neurons in the context of artificial intelligence?

  • Units that process data using complex algorithms without learning
  • Data structures used for storing information
  • Mathematical functions mimicking biological neurons (correct)
  • Main components of a computer chip

    • What is an example of a task AI can help improve in real-world applications?

    <p>Solving health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neural networks learn to produce meaningful outputs?

    <p>By processing input data and learning from examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a benefit of using artificial intelligence?

    <p>Eliminating the need for human workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a neural network comprised of?

    <p>An input layer, hidden layers, and an output layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes AI from traditional programming methods?

    <p>AI can learn and adapt through algorithms based on data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a neural network as a deep learning algorithm?

    <p>It has more than three layers, including inputs and outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task does Natural Language Processing (NLP) primarily focus on?

    <p>Enabling interactions between computers and humans using natural language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding AI and job markets?

    <p>AI may lead to widespread unemployment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can AI systems inadvertently make humans less proactive?

    <p>By automating tasks that require decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of artificial intelligence is aimed at making systems display intelligent behavior?

    <p>Creating expert systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to deep learning compared to traditional machine learning?

    <p>It automatically learns features from raw data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is associated with the data used to train AI systems?

    <p>Historical data may contain societal biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential problem arises from the convenience of AI technology?

    <p>It may lead to over-reliance on technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional goal of artificial intelligence?

    <p>To implement complex neural networks for simple tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI promote creativity?

    <p>By generating original ideas and concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a new digital divide related to AI?

    <p>Developed countries may advance more quickly than developing ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a privacy concern related to AI?

    <p>AI can lead to intrusive surveillance practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of AI is specifically designed for analyzing medical images?

    <p>Deep learning algorithms for image detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do AI-driven recommendation engines serve in entertainment and media?

    <p>Delivering personalized content to users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be ensured to mitigate the risks associated with AI systems?

    <p>Strict oversight and ethical guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Cognitive Computing?

    <p>It uses pattern recognition to solve problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of AI in comparison to human intelligence?

    <p>AI cannot form emotional attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI facilitate continuous learning?

    <p>By processing input-output pairs to improve knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can exacerbate existing inequalities through AI usage?

    <p>The historical biases present in training data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common misconception about deep learning?

    <p>Deep learning requires manual feature extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk of AI in critical areas such as healthcare?

    <p>Failures in AI could have catastrophic consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can AI potentially distort job opportunities?

    <p>By automating repetitive tasks that were formerly human jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes supervised learning from unsupervised learning in AI?

    <p>Supervised learning always requires labeled datasets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge posed by the 'black box' problem in AI?

    <p>Identifying and correcting biases is difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of robotics in the context of AI applications?

    <p>Merging AI concepts with physical components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes AI from traditional programming methods?

    <p>AI systems learn from data and improve over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of over-reliance on AI technologies?

    <p>Diminished self-reliance and critical skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does a search algorithm possess if it guarantees a solution exists for any random input?

    <p>Completeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a function that checks whether the current state has reached the goal state?

    <p>Goal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the cost associated with a path in a search algorithm?

    <p>Path Cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heuristic search differ from non-heuristic search?

    <p>Heuristic search uses external knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which search algorithm context is the term 'LIFO' relevant?

    <p>Stack Data Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) models in sequence prediction?

    <p>They prioritize more recent information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of AI, what is the primary role of actuators?

    <p>To convert energy into motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the optimal solution refer to in search algorithms?

    <p>The solution with the lowest path cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main principle guides the decision-making of a rational agent?

    <p>To maximize its expected performance in a given environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT characteristic of Intelligent Agents in AI?

    <p>Dependence on fixed manual input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) from other types of AI?

    <p>It is designed to perform specific tasks under limited constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enqueue operation in a queue data structure?

    <p>Adds an element to the rear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is crucial for an agent's ability to perceive its environment?

    <p>Sensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the performance measure of an AI agent represent?

    <p>How well the agent is achieving its goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?

    <p>Theoretical AI that can perform tasks without prior training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property indicates the maximum storage space required during the search process?

    <p>Space Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Theory of Mind refer to in artificial intelligence?

    <p>AI systems that interact with human thoughts and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Networks (E-GANs) function?

    <p>They evolve a set of generators through competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way can a rational agent improve its performance over time?

    <p>Through experience and feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)?

    <p>It surpasses human intelligence in all fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows informed search algorithms to function more effectively than uninformed search algorithms?

    <p>Utilization of external knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about breadth-first search (BFS) is accurate?

    <p>BFS traverses the graph layerwise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of AI is described as having no memory and only reacts to immediate situations?

    <p>Reactive Machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of actuators in an AI agent?

    <p>To execute actions based on the agent's decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred when a self-driving car processes sensory data?

    <p>It makes real-time decisions based on current environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of search algorithm is guaranteed to find the best solution when the heuristic is admissible?

    <p>Heuristic Search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IBM's Deep Blue is an example of which classification of AI?

    <p>Reactive Machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the agent function 'f: P → A' operate?

    <p>It maps perceptions to actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an effector in a machine system?

    <p>The component that physically acts on the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a sensor in AI systems?

    <p>Electric motors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Limited Memory AI from Reactive Machines?

    <p>Limited Memory AI can learn from historical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of AI agent operates based on reflexes or predefined rules?

    <p>Simple Reflex Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a search tree represent in search algorithms?

    <p>The possible states and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge for AI in reaching the Theory of Mind?

    <p>Understanding and responding to human emotional states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the PEAS model evaluates how well an agent's actions align with its goals?

    <p>Performance Measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding uninformed search algorithms?

    <p>They rely solely on problem structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates Reinforcement Learning in AI?

    <p>Chess-playing AI that improves after each game.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a robotic agent in AI?

    <p>It uses hardware like motors for motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data do sensors provide for an AI agent?

    <p>Information required for decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following AI technologies can be classified as having generalization and reasoning abilities?

    <p>Artificial General Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the operations of push and pop in a stack data structure?

    <p>Push adds an element to the top while pop removes it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of an AI agent, what do actuators primarily enable the agent to do?

    <p>Physically execute actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a capability that Artificial Narrow Intelligence commonly demonstrates?

    <p>Providing personalized recommendations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a misconception about self-aware AI?

    <p>It operates strictly like human intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the AI known as 'Project Debater'?

    <p>It can engage in debates on complex topics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the PEAS model?

    <p>Agent Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rule must an AI agent follow to be considered intelligent?

    <p>It must take rational actions based on decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential inputs that the agent function 'f' operates on?

    <p>Percept sequence and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of companies working with AI at this time?

    <p>Implementing systems that can learn and adapt intelligently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes sensors in human physiology?

    <p>They provide inputs for decision-making through senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be defined as an agent in the context of AI?

    <p>Anything that perceives and acts upon its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which AI solution is noted for making predictions about user behavior?

    <p>Google Now</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment factor must an agent consider for effective decision-making?

    <p>The layout of the environment and obstacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an AI system that reflects both learning and decision-making based on past experiences?

    <p>Limited Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the performance measure for a medical diagnosis agent?

    <p>Healthy patient outcomes and cost minimization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement did IBM's Watson accomplish in 2011?

    <p>Won a quiz show by solving complex questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hebbian learning primarily describe?

    <p>The strengthening of connections between neurons during learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Turing Test?

    <p>To determine whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to a human.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early AI program proved mathematical theorems and was called 'Logic Theorist'?

    <p>Logic Theorist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event took place at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956?

    <p>The term 'Artificial Intelligence' was coined as an academic field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the first AI winter occur?

    <p>1974-1980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was unique about ELIZA, created in 1966?

    <p>It was a program that could simulate human conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an expert system in AI?

    <p>A program that simulates the decision-making of human experts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable event occurred in 1997 involving IBM's Deep Blue?

    <p>It became the first computer to defeat a world chess champion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features did WABOT-1 possess as the first intelligent humanoid robot?

    <p>A limb-control system, vision system, and conversation system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the second AI winter (1987-1993)?

    <p>A halt in government funding due to high costs and low results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'AI winter' refer to?

    <p>A timeframe of reduced funding and interest in AI research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the key feature of the Roomba vacuum cleaner developed in 2002?

    <p>It uses AI to autonomously clean and navigate around household obstacles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed a model of artificial neurons in 1943?

    <p>Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of research in AI during the years 1980-1987?

    <p>Creating expert systems that emulate human decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity of Depth-Limited Search (DLS)?

    <p>O(bl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of failure occurs if the search reaches the depth limit without finding the goal?

    <p>Cutoff Failure Value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search (ID-DFS)?

    <p>It combines the speed of BFS with the memory efficiency of DFS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space complexity of a Depth-Limited Search (DLS)?

    <p>O(b * l)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Bidirectional Search is true?

    <p>It runs two searches simultaneously from both start and goal states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of Depth-Limited Search?

    <p>It may not find the optimal solution if multiple solutions exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When utilizing Uniform Cost Search, what is its primary objective?

    <p>To determine the minimum cost path from the source to the destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the approach of the Iterative Deepening algorithm?

    <p>It increases the depth limit iteratively until the goal is found.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity of Bidirectional Search when using BFS?

    <p>O(b^(m/2))</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes a priority queue from a regular queue?

    <p>Elements are prioritized based on their priority value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Standard Failure Value in Depth-Limited Search?

    <p>It suggests that the goal is unreachable within the current limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the implementation of Bidirectional Search?

    <p>The requirement to know the goal state in advance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does Cutoff Failure Value indicate a possibility of success?

    <p>When the search reaches the depth limit without finding the goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of using AI in industries where tasks are prone to human error?

    <p>Higher precision in task execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI improve safety in hazardous environments?

    <p>By performing tasks without risk to human lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does AI have in terms of operational availability?

    <p>AI can function continuously without fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications demonstrates AI's ability to assist in personal tasks?

    <p>Virtual home assistants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What task is AI particularly proficient at compared to human workers?

    <p>Executing repetitive jobs efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of implementing AI technology?

    <p>High costs of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key outcomes of utilizing AI in the education sector?

    <p>Automation of grading processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI contribute to the e-commerce industry?

    <p>By assisting in product discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of AI-powered digital assistants?

    <p>Ability to process natural language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of AI enhances decision-making speed?

    <p>Pre-defined algorithms and high-speed processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes humanoid robots from traditional robots?

    <p>Their ability to perform tasks without pre-programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are AI systems considered reliable?

    <p>They can perform the same task with high accuracy repeatedly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is AI powering innovations in various fields?

    <p>By solving complex problems with data-driven solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can AI aid in risky operations?

    <p>By performing challenges without human danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a simple reflex agent?

    <p>It does not hold any memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about model-based reflex agents?

    <p>They can consult their internal model in new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a goal-based agent?

    <p>To reach specific goals through planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Utility-based agents evaluate actions based on what criterion?

    <p>Utility function that assigns numerical values to outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is not part of a learning agent?

    <p>Utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do learning agents improve their performance over time?

    <p>By autonomously learning from new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability does Google's DeepMind AI system have regarding eye health?

    <p>Detects over 50 different eye diseases from retinal scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the function of an internal model in model-based reflex agents?

    <p>It helps in decision-making by providing context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable limitation of simple reflex agents?

    <p>They do not handle unexpected situations well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is AI significantly enhancing drug discovery?

    <p>By analyzing large datasets to identify potential drug candidates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do AI-powered trading algorithms assist in finance?

    <p>By analyzing and predicting market trends in milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of a utility function for utility-based agents is to:

    <p>Provide a numerical score to predict outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive maintenance capability does AI provide in manufacturing?

    <p>It predicts machinery failures by analyzing sensor data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a goal-based agent is:

    <p>A GPS navigation system calculating routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do utility-based agents face in their operations?

    <p>Designing their utility function is complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In precision farming, how does AI optimize crop management?

    <p>By monitoring soil conditions and weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does AI play in agriculture regarding crop disease?

    <p>It detects and diagnoses crop diseases by analyzing plant images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agent would best suit an environment that is partially observable?

    <p>Model-based reflex agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI contribute to safety and security in public spaces?

    <p>By monitoring video footage and detecting unusual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of learning agents?

    <p>They require significant data and time to learn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does AI serve in predicting natural disasters?

    <p>It analyzes data to provide early warnings for disasters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is AI not typically utilized?

    <p>Enhancing manual text editing processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability does AI have in enhancing social media management?

    <p>It organizes and identifies trends from massive datasets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does AI aid in data security?

    <p>By identifying software bugs and preventing cyber-attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does IBM Watson contribute to advancements in drug discovery?

    <p>It analyzes millions of data points to identify new drug compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary benefit of AI in trade?

    <p>It facilitates optimal trading decisions through quick analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in AI-based precision farming?

    <p>It encompasses the use of drones and data analytics for crop management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using Breadth-First Search (BFS)?

    <p>It guarantees the shortest path solution if one exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of Depth-First Search (DFS)?

    <p>It can get stuck in an infinite loop in certain scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about BFS is TRUE?

    <p>BFS has a time complexity of O(b^m).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is BFS particularly well-suited for?

    <p>Finding the shortest path in a maze.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of node exploration used in DFS?

    <p>Depth-first, using backtracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space complexity of BFS in the worst-case scenario?

    <p>O(b^m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which circumstance might DFS not provide an optimal solution?

    <p>When it encounters an infinite branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes DFS from BFS?

    <p>DFS uses recursion and backtracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome when imposing a limit on Depth-Limited Search?

    <p>It limits the exploration of infinite branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which problem is Depth-First Search likely the least efficient?

    <p>Finding the shortest path in weighted graphs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the approach of BFS regarding node expansion?

    <p>It expands all nodes at the current depth before moving deeper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following algorithms is based on a Last In First Out (LIFO) structure?

    <p>Depth-First Search (DFS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary failure point of Depth-First Search in certain contexts?

    <p>Possibility of missing shallower solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about BFS and DFS is FALSE?

    <p>DFS is always guaranteed to find a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit-01: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (Lecture 01-05)

    • Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines that mimic human cognitive functions, such as learning and problem-solving.
    • AI operates on concepts and technologies enabling machines to perform tasks needing human intelligence.
    • AI doesn't require pre-programming for every task; programmed algorithms can work with human intelligence.
    • AI is not entirely new, with potential early examples in Greek mythology.
    • AI applications solve real-world problems (e.g., healthcare, marketing, traffic).
    • AI creates virtual assistants (e.g., Cortana, Siri).
    • AI allows the creation of robots for hazardous work.

    Foundational Concepts for AI Systems

    • Machine Learning (ML): Algorithms learn from data without explicit programming.
    • Neural Networks: Mathematical functions mimicking biological neurons. Input signals processed through weights and biases, output produces from an activation function—interconnected neurons in layers.
    • Deep Learning: Complex neural networks with multiple layers automatically learning representations from raw data (e.g., image/speech recognition).
    • Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enabling computer-human interaction using natural language.
    • Robotics: Merging AI with physical components for diverse tasks.
    • Cognitive Computing: Mimicking human brain processes (pattern recognition, NLP, data mining) to solve complex problems.
    • Expert Systems: AI systems replicating human expert decision-making.

    Core and Functional Goals of AI

    • Core Goal: Emulate human intelligence in machines.
    • Functional Goals:
      • Create expert systems: demonstrating intelligent behavior, learning, explaining and advising.
      • Implement human intelligence in machines: systems that understand, think, learn and behave like humans.
      • Improve problem-solving skills in machines.
      • Include knowledge representation—storing knowledge about objects, relations, and concepts.
      • Facilitate planning for optimal performance, predicting future scenarios.
      • Allow continuous learning: computer algorithms improve knowledge from experiences.
      • Use supervised and unsupervised learning models with minimal (or no) human intervention.

    Lecture-02: Application Areas of Artificial Intelligence

    • Entertainment and Media: Content generation/curation, personalized recommendations (Netflix).

    • Healthcare: Medical image analysis (detecting abnormalities), drug discovery (IBM Watson).

    • Finance: Algorithmic trading, personalized financial services (Capital One).

    • Manufacturing and Industries: Predictive maintenance for machinery, quality control (General Electric, Siemens).

    • Agriculture: Precision farming, crop disease detection (John Deere, PlantVillage).

    • Safety and Security: Surveillance systems, disaster prediction (Google, BriefCam).

    • Astronomy: AI for understanding the universe.

    • Gaming: AI for strategic games.

    • Data Security: AI for software bug detection, cyber-attack prevention (AEG bot, AI2 Platform).

    • Social Media: Organizing & managing massive data, analyzing trends & user needs (Facebook, Twitter).

    • Travel & Transport: Making travel arrangements, suggesting routes & hotels (AI-powered chatbots).

    • Automotive Industry: Virtual assistants (TeslaBot), self-driving cars.

    • E-commerce: Providing recommendations, discovering related products.

    • Education: Automating grading, virtual tutoring.

    Advantages of AI

    • Reduced Human Error.
    • Zero Risks (deployment in hazardous conditions).
    • 24/7 Availability.
    • Digital Assistance/Daily Applications (virtual assistants).
    • Performance of Repetitive Jobs.
    • Public Utility (e.g., self-driving cars, facial recognition).
    • New Inventions.
    • High Accuracy, Less Errors.
    • High Speed, High Reliability.
    • Riskier Areas (e.g., defusing bombs).

    Disadvantages of AI

    • High Costs.
    • Making Humans Lazy.
    • Job Displacement & Digital Divide.
    • Bias and Fairness (potential for discriminatory outcomes).
    • Privacy Issues.
    • Safety & Security (Autonomous Weapons, Cyber Attacks).
    • Can't Think Outside the Box.
    • Lack of Feelings and Emotions.
    • Lack of Original Creativity.

    Lecture-03: History of AI

    • Maturation of AI (1943-1952):

      • 1943: McCulloch and Pitts proposed artificial neuron models.
      • 1949: Hebb's rule for modifying connection strength between neurons.
      • 1950: Turing's proposal for the Turing Test to evaluate machine intelligence.

    • Birth of AI (1952-1956):

      • 1955: Newell and Simon created Logic Theorist (proving math theorems).
      • 1956: "Artificial Intelligence" coined as a field at Dartmouth Conference.

    • Golden Years/Early Enthusiasm (1956-1974):

      • 1966: ELIZA, the first chatbot, developed.
      • 1972: WABOT-1, the first intelligent humanoid robot.

    • First AI Winter (1974-1980): Decreased funding for AI research.

    • AI Boom (1980-1987): Expert systems (e.g., XCON) gained popularity.

    • Second AI Winter (1987-1993): Decreased investment due to costs and less effective results.

    • Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011):

      • 1997: IBM Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov.
      • 2002: Roomba, the AI-powered vacuum cleaner.
      • 2006: AI entered into business.

    • Deep Learning, Big Data, and AI (2011-present):

      • Demonstrations of AI in complex tasks like question answering (IBM Watson), voice assistants, and more.

    Lecture-04: Types of AI

    • Based on Scope of Capabilities and Cognitive Abilities:

      • Narrow AI (ANI): Limited to specific tasks (e.g., image recognition).
      • General AI (AGI): Aims to emulate human intelligence across tasks, but theoretical concept.
      • Superintelligent AI (ASI): Hypothetical AI surpassing human intelligence across areas.

    • Based on Functionality:

      • Reactive Machines: React to immediate situations without memory.
      • Limited Memory: Learn from past experiences & use historical data to make better decisions(Reinforcement Learning, LSTMs, E-GANs)
      • Theory of Mind: Understanding human thoughts and emotions and interacting accordingly.
      • Self-Aware: Hypothetical AI with consciousness and independent intelligence.

    Lecture-05: AI Terminology & Agent Types

    • Sensors: Devices detecting environmental changes and providing inputs.

    • Actuators: Components converting energy into motion to enable action.

    • Effectors: Components directly interacting with the environment to execute actions.

    • Agent: Any entity perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon it via actuators.

    • Intelligent Agents: Autonomous entities perceiving & interacting for specific goals through learning and adaptation.

    • Rational/Problem Solving Agent: Decisions maximizing expected performance, with a utility function evaluating outcomes & considering perception, decision-making, & learning aspects.

    • Agent Structure: Agent = Architecture + Agent Program

    • Agent Types: Simple Reflex Agents, Model-based Reflex Agents, Goal-based agents , Utility-based agents, Learning agents.

    Unit-02: Searching (Lecture 06-13)

    • Search Algorithms: Methods for problem-solving by transforming initial states to goal states.

    • Search Algorithm Terminologies:

      • Search Space: Possible solutions.
      • Start State/Goal State: Initial/desired states.
      • Goal Test: Checks if a state is the goal.
      • Search Tree: Visual representation of possible states and paths.
      • Actions: Possible steps to take.
      • Transition Model: Describes how actions change states.
      • Path Cost: Cost of a path.
      • Optimal Solution: Solution with lowest cost.

    • Search Algorithm Properties:

      • Completeness: Guarantees finding a solution if one exists.
      • Optimality: Guarantees finding the best (lowest-cost) solution.
      • Time Complexity: Time taken by the algorithm.
      • Space Complexity: Memory used by the algorithm.

    • Types of Search Algorithms:

      • Uninformed (Blind) Search: Explore without prior knowledge.
      • Informed (Heuristic) Search: Uses knowledge to find solutions faster.

    • Key Search Algorithms: Breadth-First Search (BFS), Depth-First Search (DFS), Depth-Limited Search, Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search (IDDFS), Bidirectional Search, Uniform Cost Search.

    • Data Structures: Queue, Stack, Priority Queue.

    • Concepts like: Branching Factor, Depth, Heuristic Functions, Admissibility, Completeness, Efficient methods, Cost, and comparisons.

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    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence (AI) with this quiz. Explore topics such as neural networks, their structure, and how AI can enhance real-world applications. Challenge yourself to differentiate between the benefits of AI and traditional programming methods.

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