Arthropods Identification
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of insects?

  • Four pairs of legs
  • No antennae
  • Palps
  • Three pairs of legs (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of arachnids?

  • Four pairs of legs (correct)
  • Palps absent
  • Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
  • Three pairs of legs

    • What is the order of the insect commonly known as bed bugs?

  • Diptera
  • Hemiptera (correct)
  • Phthiraptera
  • Siphonaptera

    • What is a characteristic of ticks?

    <p>More than one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an arachnid?

    <p>Tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mites?

    <p>Microscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order includes lice?

    <p>Phthiraptera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of arachnid larvae?

    <p>Three pairs of legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an insect?

    <p>Fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an association of two organisms that cannot exist independently?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symbiosis involves one partner being benefited and the other being harmed?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organism that is harmed in a parasitic relationship?

    <p>Host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a reservoir in a parasite's life cycle?

    <p>To maintain the parasite's life cycle in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of host harbors the adult stage of a parasite?

    <p>Definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that transmits a parasite from one host to another?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vector multiplies or develops the parasite?

    <p>Biological vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a housefly in the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Mechanical vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an association in which two organisms merely travel together?

    <p>Phoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of host is not necessary for the maintenance of the parasite's life cycle in nature?

    <p>Incidental host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a mosquito in the life cycle of a malaria parasite?

    <p>Definitive host for the sexual stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parasite is totally physiologically dependent on its host?

    <p>Obligate Parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a zoonosis?

    <p>Trichinellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the life cycle of helminths?

    <p>Worms die over time, unless the host is re-exposed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of nematodes?

    <p>Complete alimentary canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specificity of parasites for particular hosts?

    <p>Host Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of trematodes?

    <p>Complete alimentary canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an endoparasite?

    <p>More than one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cestodes?

    <p>Flat body with no colem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans?

    <p>Zoonosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of worms?

    <p>Helminthology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a parasite-host relationship?

    <p>Long-term/chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a parasite that is not normally parasitic but can survive for a limited period when it accidentally finds itself within another organism?

    <p>Facultative Parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the severity of disease caused by helminths?

    <p>Directly proportional to the worm load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phylum of veterinary importance?

    <p>Chordata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of protozoa?

    <p>Protozoology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of parasites that are best adapted?

    <p>Least pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by Trichomonas in the vagina, where both organisms benefit each other?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is false about the conditions required for endemic parasitism?

    <p>Inability to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nematodes are round and cylindrical, and they are hemaphroditic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cestodes are parasitic with an indirect lifecycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many suckers does a tapeworm have?

    <p>They have four suckers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two parasites of veterinary importance are hermaphroditic?

    <p>Cestodes and trematodes are both hermaphroditic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flukes have oral and ventral suckers for attachment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the characteristis of flukes (aka Trematodes)

    <p>Trematodes are dorso-ventrally flattened and leaf like, they have an incomplete alimentary canal, no celom, are hemaphroditic and they have oral and ventral suckers for attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protozoa are classified based on locomotion

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protozoa are _____________ eukaryotic organisms.

    <p>unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the types of locomotion protozoa use.

    <p>Flagella, cilia, gliding and pseudopodia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Arthropods

    • Insects: have three pairs of legs, head, thorax, abdomen, and antennae
    • Arachnids: have four pairs of legs (nymphs and adults), larvae have three pairs of legs, body is divided into cephalo-thorax and abdomen, no antennae, and have palps

    Identification

    • Flies (Diptera): identification characteristics unknown
    • Fleas (Siphonaptera): identification characteristics unknown
    • Lice (Phthiraptera): identification characteristics unknown
    • Ticks (Acari): identification characteristics unknown
    • Mites (Acari): identification characteristics unknown

    Symbiosis

    • Definition: an association of two organisms that cannot exist independently
    • Types of symbiosis:
      • Phoresis: an association in which two organisms merely travel together
      • Mutualism: an association in which both organisms benefit
      • Commensalism: an association in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected
      • Parasitism: an association in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed

    Parasitism

    • Definition: an association in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed
    • Host: the partner who is harmed
    • Parasite: the partner who is benefited

    Hosts

    • Types of hosts:
      • Definitive host: harbors the adult (sexual) stage of a parasite
      • Intermediate host: harbors the larval (asexual) stage of a parasite
      • Paratenic host: harbors a parasite that does not undergo required development; a transfer host
      • Reservoir: an animal (definitive) host that serves to maintain the parasite's life cycle in nature
      • Incidental host: an unusual host, unnecessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature

    Vector

    • Definition: an organism responsible for transmitting a parasite from one host to another
    • Types of vectors:
      • Biological vector: a vector in which the parasite multiplies or develops
      • Mechanical vector: one which transmits the parasite unchanged from host to host

    Parasites

    • Types of parasites:
      • Obligate parasite: totally physiologically dependent upon its host
      • Temporary parasite: parasitic for limited periods for either feeding or reproduction
      • Facultative parasite: organisms that are not normally parasitic but can survive for a limited period when they accidentally find themselves within another organism

    Ectoparasites and Endoparasites

    • Ectoparasite: lives on the host, causes infestations
    • Endoparasite: lives in the host, causes infections

    Zoonosis

    • Definition: any disease of animals that is transmissible to humans
    • Examples: Trichinellosis, Chagas' disease, Schistosomiasis, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Amebiosis, Echinococcosis

    Principles of Parasitology

    • Protozoa: multiply in the definitive host
    • Helminths: adult worms do not multiply in the definitive host, worms die over time unless the host is re-exposed, severity of disease is proportional to worm load introduced into the host

    Host Specificity

    • Parasites (particularly helminths) have specificity for particular definitive and intermediate hosts
    • Often, parasite life cycles can only be completed in a particular host
    • Disease manifestations of a host can differ depending on whether they serve as a definitive, intermediate, or an incidental host

    Survival Facts and Functions

    • Parasites adapt to every niche in the host
    • Best adapted are least pathogenic
    • Parasite-host relationship is typically long-term/chronic/"intimate"

    Conditions Required for Endemic Parasitism

    • Reservoir of infection
    • Means of transmission to susceptible hosts
    • Ability to invade and establish in new hosts
    • Ability to reproduce

    Veterinary Parasitology

    • Three groups of eukaryotic organisms that affect the health and wellbeing of animals:
      • Protozoa (Protozoology): single-celled, nucleated
      • Helminths (Helminthology): worm-like animals showing differentiation, metazoans
      • Arthropods (Entomology): arachnids and insects; ectoparasites

    Parasites of Veterinary Importance

    • Phylum Nemathelminthes (Roundworms):
      • Class Nematoda (Roundworms)
    • Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
      • Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)
      • Class Trematoda (Flukes)
    • Phylum Arthropoda:
      • Class Insecta
      • Class Arachnida
    • Kingdom Protozoa: nine phyla contain at least one genus of veterinary importance

    Nematodes (Roundworms)

    • Characteristics:
      • Round/cylindrical
      • Complete alimentary canal
      • Celom, body cavity
      • Sexes usually separate
    • Examples: Ascaris suum

    Cestodes (Tapeworms)

    • Characteristics:
      • Flat body with no colem (body cavity)
      • No alimentary canal
      • Hermaphroditic
      • Scolex (head) with 4 suckers or bothria
      • Strobila (body) with head, neck, and proglottids (segments)
      • All are parasitic with an indirect life cycle

    Trematodes (Flukes)

    • Characteristics:
      • Dorso-ventrally flattened, leaf-like
      • Incomplete alimentary canal
      • No celom
      • Hermaphroditic
      • Oral and ventral suckers for attachment
    • Examples: Fasciola spp.

    Protozoa Study Notes

    Disease Transmission

    • Contaminated water and food, vectors like insects, and direct contact can transmit diseases caused by protozoa
    • Malaria is transmitted by Plasmodium, which is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito
    • Giardiasis is transmitted by Giardia, which is commonly found in contaminated water and food
    • Amoebiasis is transmitted by Entamoeba, which can be spread through contaminated food and water, as well as direct contact
    • Cryptosporidiosis is transmitted by Cryptosporidium, which is commonly found in contaminated water

    Host-Parasite Interactions

    • Trichomonas forms a mutualistic relationship with its host, providing a benefit to both the host and the parasite
    • Giardia forms a commensalistic relationship with its host, providing a benefit to the parasite but not the host
    • Plasmodium forms a parasitic relationship with its host, providing a benefit to the parasite but harming the host
    • Protozoa can evade host immune responses by varying their antigens, manipulating cytokines, and suppressing the immune system

    Reproduction Strategies

    • Binary fission involves the division of a parent cell into two daughter cells
    • Multiple fission involves the division of a parent cell into multiple daughter cells
    • Budding involves the formation of a new individual from a parent cell
    • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes to form a zygote
    • Plasmodium exhibits an alternation of generations, involving a life cycle that alternates between different hosts
    • Trypanosoma exhibits metamorphosis, involving a significant change in form during its life cycle

    Modes of Nutrition

    • Phagocytosis involves the engulfing and digesting of solid particles
    • Pinocytosis involves the engulfing and digesting of fluids and dissolved substances
    • Amoeba proteus feeds on bacteria
    • Ophrydium versatile feeds on algae
    • Some protozoa absorb nutrients through their cell membrane

    Protozoan Structure

    • Protozoa are eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
    • Cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia are used for movement
    • The pellicle is a rigid layer of proteins and lipids that provides structure and support
    • The cyst wall is a protective layer that surrounds the cell
    • The axostyle is a rod-like structure involved in movement and feeding

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    Related Documents

    Parasitology I - Ross University PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the identification and characteristics of arthropods, including insects, arachnids, and their subgroups such as flies, fleas, lice, ticks, and mites.

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