Questions and Answers
Humans are _________.
adaptable
__________ ____________ are short-term and long-term changes in individual human bodies and within human gene pools in response to the physical environment.
Physiological adaptation
What type of relationship exists between cultural designs of dress, shelter, transportation, and the environment?
close relationship
What are the body forms of Australian Aborigines and Tuareg of the Sahara adapted for?
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What physiological adjustments does habituation involve?
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What is acclimatization?
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High altitude living above 10k feet can cause _____________.
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What are some physical adaptations in relation to dress?
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What function does clothing serve in the Sahara Desert?
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Match the clothing zones with their respective climates:
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What is the significance of the sewing machine in terms of democratization of fashion?
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What was a concern regarding the sewing machine among upper classes?
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How does Pierre Bourdieu conceptualize cultural capital?
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What does the term 'zoot' refer to in urban jazz culture?
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Zoot suits were seen as supportive of American nationalism during WWII.
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What does 'La SAPE' stand for?
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Humans have the capacity to make material artifacts to _____ __ ___ ______.
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What is 'The Art of Dress'?
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Some people believe that dressing is an art form.
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What is the meaning of aesthetics in relation to dress?
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Match the following terms related to the professionals of dress:
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What are two sensory experiences people have with dress?
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Beauty is universally defined across all cultures.
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What does 'Cultural Typologies' refer to?
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What is a characteristic of the 'Achieving Ideals' concept?
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What is the structure of the Class Pyramid (Then)?
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How did the Class Pyramid change post-Industrialization?
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Which of the following are theories of Fashion Adoption?
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The Downward Flow theory suggests fashion starts with lower classes.
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What does the Upward Flow theory propose?
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Describe Horizontal Flow in the context of fashion.
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How did clothing serve as status symbols in historical contexts?
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Explain the concept of status claims.
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What is the significance of synthetic dyes in fashion?
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What impact did Ralph Lauren have on the perception of new money?
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Who is Beau Brummell and why is he significant?
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What cultural movements frame Euromodernity?
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Which of the following best describes gender in contemporary contexts?
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How does 'baby coding' manifest in clothing?
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What historical trends affected the color coding of baby clothing?
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What does 'identity not' principle relate to?
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What is the relationship between biological determinism and social constructionism?
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In Euromodernity, how is femininity characterized?
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Define unmarked masculinity in stylistic terms.
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What does 'conspicuous inconspicuousness' refer to?
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What was found in Kaiser's research about men and fashion?
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What did Rinallo's 'danger zones' model address?
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What is an example of complex intersectionality mentioned?
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Study Notes
Adaptation
- Humans are inherently adaptable to varying environmental conditions impacting comfort and bodily function.
- Adaptations can be short-term, such as cultural practices, or long-term, resulting from natural selection.
- Physiological adaptations refer to changes in individual bodies and gene pools in response to environmental conditions.
Relationship between Culture and Environment
- A close relationship exists between cultural designs of dress, shelter, and transportation and the surrounding environment.
- Clothing choices reflect lifestyle factors such as occupation and climate, influencing comfort and appropriateness.
Body Forms and Climate Adaptation
- Australian Aborigines and Tuareg populations exhibit long-limbed, lean physiques to efficiently release heat in hot climates.
- Conversely, Arctic Inuit have shorter extremities and more compact bodies for better heat retention.
Physiological Adjustments
- Habituation includes immediate responses to minor environmental changes, such as sweating and shivering.
- Acclimation occurs over several days, while acclimatization refers to long-term physiological changes, sometimes passed generationally.
Gender Differences in Adaptability
- Women typically have a wider temperature comfort range and more fat and sweat glands than men, allowing for less protective clothing.
- Acclimatization can influence dietary needs and metabolic rates, seen in Inuit populations' high protein and fat diets.
Clothing and Thermoregulation
- Clothing, such as the fur parkas of Inuit communities, is essential for thermal regulation and comfort, varying in type, thickness, and material.
Cultural Adaptation Features
- Dress acts as a tool for survival, adapting to environmental threats through garments designed for specific settings.
- Humans create protective measures against harsh conditions, employing clothing as extensions of the body.
Dress as Extensions of the Body
- Body mechanics are complemented through enclosures like footwear and gloves, enhancing movement and providing protection.
Protective Functions of Clothing
- Clothing serves multiple protective functions, from shielding against climatic extremes to preventing physical injuries.
Clothing Zones in Relation to Climate
- Siple's Clothing Zones categorize clothing needs based on climate, ranging from minimum clothing in humid areas to maximum in subarctic conditions.
Total Environment Concept
- Diving suits exemplify the total environment concept, protecting individuals in extreme, inhospitable settings.
Space and Biohazard Suits
- Space suits sustain life functions and mobility in outer space, utilizing advanced materials for protection from harsh elements.
- Biohazard suits, derived from NASA designs, protect users from airborne biological agents, maintaining negative air pressure for safety.
Class and Fashion
- Class is an unstable concept, historically defined by ownership in the industrial model, with consumption revealing one's status.
- Max Weber suggests status arises not just from wealth, but from consumption style, marking social differences.
Democratization of Fashion
- The sewing machine and mass production of textiles enabled widespread access to fashion across various social classes by the late 19th century.
Fast Fashion and Globalization
- Fast fashion exploits global labor for low-cost production, often masking the realities of income inequality and labor conditions.
Historical View on Fabric and Clothing
- Prior to industrial production, clothing was scarce and valuable, often handmade and passed down through generations, highlighting class disparities.
Status Competition and Anxiety
- Anxieties regarding class intensified by the 19th century, with working-class women using style as a means of social commentary.
- The sewing machine represented dual meanings: exploitation of labor and a tool for leisure among the middle class.
Theories of Fashion Adoption
- Georg Simmel's theories include the Downward Flow, where trends start with the elite, and the Upward Flow, where lower classes innovate styles.
- Horizontal Flow examines fashion availability across similar social classes.
Clothing as Status Symbols
- Historical evidence shows the association between attire and social standing, with significant resources allocated to clothing to demonstrate wealth.
- The display of textiles became a means for wealthy merchants to exhibit status during urban and trading developments in the 12th-14th centuries.
Cultural Claims and Tensions
- Cultural anxiety emerges from ambiguous societal feelings towards status competition, while ambivalence frames issues in both/and terms.
- Modern examples of status claims might include conspicuous consumption and reflections on societal trends in fashion.### Renegotiating Class Boundaries
- "Old money" individuals associate with traditional styles like cashmere and pearls, typical of the British upper class.
- Clothing has the power to transgress social barriers, not merely define them.
Synthetic Dyes
- Aniline dyes introduced in the 1830s allowed for a diverse palette of pastel colors.
- Pastel colors became a status symbol in middle-class women's fashion.
Ralph Lauren
- Ralph Lauren's designs emphasized a "new money" aesthetic that evoked classic sophistication.
- Combines displays of status with a unique twist on claims and reservations regarding class positioning.
Beau Brummell
- Influential in redefining class distinctions through the way clothes were worn, not just the clothes themselves.
- Advocated for subtlety in fashion to express wealth without aristocratic pretension.
Euromodernity
- Influenced by key ideas and movements like French Enlightenment philosophy, along with the U.S. and French Revolutions.
Gender
- Gender is a lifelong process influenced by societal constructs and cultural representations.
- Activities such as applying makeup and grooming are acts of "doing gender," demonstrating its fluid nature across time and cultures.
- Gender identity is interlinked with race, ethnicity, national identity, and other social categories.
Coding Systems
- Gender coding in clothing involves complex systems of colors and styles that vary historically and culturally.
Baby Coding
- Colors, trims, and styles in infant clothing carry social meanings regarding gender.
- There are clothes that incorporate mixed gender symbols.
Baby Coding History
- In the early 1900s, children wore long white dresses regardless of gender until they began walking.
- "Gender guessing games" emerged as a popular pastime due to limited visual cues distinguishing boys from girls.
Baby Blue & Baby Pink
- Early 20th-century magazines suggested pink was more masculine and blue more feminine.
- By the 1930s, specific color associations became entrenched—pink for girls, blue for boys.
"Identity Not"
- Masculinity contrasted with femininity, influencing fashion and style constructions.
- Gender is constantly under construction, embodying cultural discourses and social practices.
Biological Determinism & Social Constructionism
- Debate between the extent biology defines identity (determinism) versus the role of culture in forming gender categories (constructionism).
Sex & Gender
- Clear distinction: sex is biological (male/female), while gender is cultural (masculine/feminine).
- Gender expressions connect with broader social identities and complexities.
Femininity
- Fashion is often visualized as feminine, implying frivolity and superficiality in cultural contexts.
Masculinity
- Viewed as unmarked within the context of gender studies, highlighting the complexity of gender as an ongoing process.
Menswear and Men's Fashion
- "Menswear" perceived as less marked than "men's fashion," indicating less focus on style complexity.
Unmarked Masculinity
- Refers to a style that is understated and avoids being overly fashionable to evade stereotypes.
"Conspicuous Inconspicuousness"
- An aesthetic where subtlety in dressing allows individuals to convey sophistication without overt marks of style.
Gendered Power Relations
- Cultural dynamics allow for varying levels of appropriating style between genders, often with female appropriation of masculine styles seen as logical, while the reverse can invoke anxiety.
Zoot Suit
- Represents an intersection of various identities and challenges hegemonic masculinity norms.
- Evolving style linked to cultural pride in minority communities, particularly among African American and Latino men.
La SAPE
- A Congolese movement focusing on elegance and individuality in fashion, promoting a minimalist color palette and cultural expression.
The Art of Dress
- The process of dressing integrates artistic evaluation and social expression, reflecting personal and societal values.
Self-Enhancement
- Fashion serves as a means of revealing identity and personal information, intertwining personal enthusiasm with social considerations.### Emotional Response
- Aesthetic stimuli from dress elicit emotional reactions, linked to visual appreciation of the dressed body.
- Dressing is influenced by cultural codes, providing emotional satisfaction and pleasure for both wearers and observers.
- Ethnocentric views often underestimate leisure time in cultures, where special occasion dress is significant.
Forms of Dress
- Body's malleable nature allows for purposeful redesign, influenced by diet and exercise.
- Flexible materials (leather, fur, fabrics) and liquids (cosmetics, lotions) are used to adorn the body.
- Dress acts as a second skin both physically and socially, while aesthetically it enhances form through color, line, value, texture, and shape.
Structure of Body
- Body serves as a foundational structure for presentation, with observable shape, color, and texture enhancing the overall design.
- Changes in posture and facial gestures impact the visual presentation of body and dress, shaped by social customs and personal behavior.
Aesthetic Evaluation
- Aesthetic judgments arise from the combined effect of body and enhancements, aiming for a pleasing impression.
- Early human appreciation of body form is exemplified by Neolithic "Venus figures", showcasing early aesthetic values.
Meanings of Dress
- Dress carries myriad interpretations reflecting individual and group beliefs, influenced by design elements such as color and texture.
- The visual forms of ensembles convey complex meanings, prompting individuals to choose items based on personal significance.
Terms Related to Art of Dress
- Professionals employ specific language (like hue, intensity) to discuss aesthetic qualities, free from cultural biases.
- Emotional responses to dress are culturally learned, evident in varied practices like Eastern religious customs regarding hair.
Other Meanings
- Wrapped fabrics differ in meaning across cultures, with wrapping styles indicating gender, age, and social status.
Aesthetic Qualities of Dress
- Emotional and cognitive reactions to dress are recognized globally; similar attire can have different meanings based on context and individual.
- The color black, for instance, signifies mourning in one context, yet is associated with formality or alternative identities in another.
Cultural Typologies
- Classifications within cultures shape understanding of fashion, as shared meanings of types guide individuals' perceptions of dress.
- The U.S. apparel industry employs standardized sizing, creating categories like juniors and plus sizes to target specific consumer groups.
Historic Typologies
- Historical classifications, like Thomas's types of women, illustrate societal perceptions linked to physical and psychological traits.
Cultural Ideal
- Aesthetic values manifest in cultural ideals that serve as benchmarks for dress and body characteristics, often perceived as aspirational.
Model Body Ideals
- Beauty competitions like Miss America reflect socially constructed ideals, while cultural practices vary, like China’s foot binding or African beauty contests.
Cultural Standards
- Standards offer measurable goals achievable by many, influencing self-evaluation and compliance with societal norms in fashion trends.
Ideals in Societies
- Cultural ideals align with societal values; for example, Western and Middle Eastern cultures share visions of ideal female body forms tracing back to ancient figures.
Ghana vs. U.S.
- Ghanaian ideals favor egg-shaped body forms linked to fertility, while U.S. standards prioritize a tall, thin physique with specific facial features.
"Trouble Areas" in Regards to Body Form
- Physical traits become problematic only when they deviate from cultural ideals, leading to negative connotations and implications about health and beauty.
Achieving Ideals
- Individuals may modify their appearance or create illusions of change through garment choices, cosmetics, or body enhancements when they don't meet ideals.
Achieving Ideals through:
- Tools include beard shaping, clothing styles, and modifications like corsets, diet, and exercise to align physical appearance with ideal expectations.
Line Combinations
- Effective use of line combinations creates visual illusions in dress, which are perceived differently across cultures based on conditioning and contextual understanding.
Cultural Standards
- Standards guide selection in dress, limiting choices for individuals while evolving and fostering social acceptance within cultural frameworks.
Appropriateness
- Dressing appropriately for occasions, including considerations of fit and context, is emphasized through cultural standards, ensuring social norms are met.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the ART233 final exam at Miami University. This set covers key concepts related to human adaptability and environmental adaptations. Perfect for quick revisions before your exam!
