Art History: Greek and Roman Sculpture
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Questions and Answers

What began during the reign of Emperor Leo III in the Byzantine period?

  • The Renaissance Sculpture movement
  • The creation of the Virgin of Vladimir
  • The Iconoclastic Age (correct)
  • The rise of mural paintings

    • Which materials were typical for Byzantine iconography?

  • Mosaics, murals, book illustrations, ivories, enamels, and icons (correct)
  • Glass, steel, ceramics, and plastic
  • Bronze, granite, clay, and gold
  • Paper, charcoal, wood, and ink

    • During which period were simple crosses and symbolism used in place of figures?

  • Gothic Sculpture
  • The Iconoclastic Age (correct)
  • Romanesque Sculpture
  • Renaissance Sculpture

    • Which type of sculpture is described as having symmetrical cross shapes and geometric patterns?

    <p>Romanesque Sculpture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized early Gothic façade sculptures?

    <p>Strict frontality and tectonic immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with developing freestanding sculptures in wood, ivory, and marble during the Gothic period?

    <p>Giovanni Pisano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Renaissance Sculpture?

    <p>Exact knowledge of anatomy and body mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculptor is known for merging crowded figures into broad narrative panels?

    <p>Nicola Pisano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist acknowledged the statue of Doryporos as an inspiration?

    <p>Lysippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During whose reign did the Golden Age of Roman Sculpture occur?

    <p>Hadrian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Romans introduce for creating strong contrasts of light and darkness in sculpture?

    <p>Negative relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common motif on Roman sarcophagi?

    <p>Garlands and swags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early Christian churches mainly used sculpture for which type of decoration?

    <p>Sarcophagi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material were Byzantine diptychs typically made from?

    <p>Ivory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of Roman sculpture?

    <p>Free-standing sculpture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lysippus change in the depiction of his figures compared to traditional forms?

    <p>Smaller heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist gave practical and theoretical guidance to painters and sculptors, including principles of style?

    <p>Leon Battista Alberti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which work is most notable among Lorenzo Ghiberti's creations?

    <p>Gates of Paradise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was said to be the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance?

    <p>Donatello</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist is known for carving the first monumental sculptures of the Renaissance era such as the Pieta and David?

    <p>Michelangelo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculptor was known for his sensitive talent and eventual classical coherence?

    <p>Jacobo della Quercia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created a version of David that was underage and modestly clad?

    <p>Andrea de Verrocchio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mannerist sculpture made a virtue of which characteristics?

    <p>Complexity, distortion, artifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist carried out works inspired by the drawings of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Rafaello?

    <p>Bienvenido Cellini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist's work 'Jason with the Golden Fleece' shows the ability to combine elements from antiquity into original compositions?

    <p>Bertel Thorvaldsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Greek Slave', which created a sensation on both sides of the Atlantic, is a work by which artist?

    <p>Hiram Powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the foremost French Portrait sculptor of the second half of the 18th century?

    <p>Jean-Antoine Houdon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist believed that the purpose of sculpture was the imitation of the beautiful forms of nature?

    <p>Antonio Canova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Age of Bronze' is a sculpture by which artist, showing influence from Michelangelo?

    <p>August Rodin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bronze statuette, only 36 centimeters high, revolutionized the concept and execution of sculpture in three dimensional space?

    <p>The Little Fourteen Dancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculptor created the work 'The Kiss'?

    <p>Constantin Brancusi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was influenced by pre-Columbian sculpture and won the Sculpture Prize at Venice in 1948?

    <p>Henry Moore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculptor's work is noted for its traditional anatomies that are savaged or decomposed in places?

    <p>Germaine Richter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about Indian sculpture?

    <p>It is highly stylized to represent certain religious ideas and doctrines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which period did the first Buddhist sculpture in China appear?

    <p>Three Kingdoms period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temple in India is conceived as a colossal monolith encrusted with sculpted forms?

    <p>Kandarya Mahadeva Temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist is known for the works 'Mother and Child' and 'Reclining Figure of a Woman'?

    <p>Henry Moore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of art did Constantin Brancusi admire and aim to give viewers pure joy through his sculptures?

    <p>Ancient and primitive art</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material was commonly used in Japanese sculptures?

    <p>Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary decorative motif in Islamic/Moorish sculpture?

    <p>Arabesque serpentine lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did the conversion to Christianity bring to Philippine sculpture?

    <p>Disregard of Anitos and carving of Santos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'Father of Philippine Sculpture'?

    <p>Guillermo Tolentino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Napoleon Abueva is associated with which artistic movement?

    <p>Modern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was introduced by Islam/Moorish sculpture?

    <p>Deep relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material did Eduardo Castrillo specialize in for his sculptures?

    <p>Embossed copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Solomon Saprid best known for?

    <p>Tikbalang series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material did Mercury primarily work with?

    <p>Bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of Baroque sculpture?

    <p>Static and serene poses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist succeeded in uniting the sensual with the spiritual experience in 'The Ecstasy of St. Teresa'?

    <p>Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period maintained the theatricality of Baroque but with more melodramatic sculptured figures?

    <p>Rococo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Clodion's preferred subject matter?

    <p>Nymphs, satyrs, and bacchantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of plasticene over water clay?

    <p>It can be produced in a variety of colours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist became the director of sculpture at the Sevres porcelain factory?

    <p>Etienne Maurice Falconet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Rococo sculptor was known for his work in terra-cotta?

    <p>Clodion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of plaster cast compared to the original sculpture?

    <p>It is much less durable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical characteristic of Baroque sculpture?

    <p>Undercutting or deep indentations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material does not shrink, crack, or dry out?

    <p>Plasticene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic enables long working times for plasticene?

    <p>It never dries out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material was NOT mentioned as commonly used by Clodion?

    <p>Bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini's works?

    <p>Strong interplay of light, shadow, and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by casting a sculpture in plaster?

    <p>A plaster cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sculpture technique where found objects or materials are put together?

    <p>Assemblage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is primarily used for carving stone or wood?

    <p>Chisel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a sculpted female figure used as a column or support?

    <p>Caryatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CAD stand for in sculpture?

    <p>Computer-Aided Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a three-dimensional artwork that combines different materials or objects?

    <p>Collage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is typically used in sand casting?

    <p>Sand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculpture style is known for seeking perfect or idealized forms?

    <p>Idealism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the surface quality of a sculpture?

    <p>Texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component material of bronze used in sculptures?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for a thin layer of glass or ceramic material applied to the surface of a sculpture?

    <p>Glaze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Ceramics' derive from?

    <p>Greek word 'Keramicos'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which culture is credited with inventing fired earth vessels around 12,000 years ago?

    <p>Jomon culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is primarily used in pottery?

    <p>Clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Greenware in the bone dry stage?

    <p>It is extremely brittle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'bisque' refer to in pottery?

    <p>Pottery fired without glaze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage is clay visibly damp but dry enough to handle without deformation?

    <p>Leather Hard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of ceramics?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the clay state called 'Greenware'?

    <p>It has not been fired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Materials of Decoration

    Lysippus

    • Famous for modifying the canon of human proportions by using smaller heads for his figures
    • Conceived his statues in the round, depicting people as they seem to be
    • Acknowledged the statue of Doryporos as an inspiration

    Roman Sculpture

    • Continued in the tradition of Etruscan realism
    • Revived the ideal forms of Greek Art, particularly in royal portrait busts
    • Naturalism in sculpture was revived after the age of Augustus, with accurate portrayals of facial expressions
    • Realistic effects were further carried out in relief sculpture with figures carved in varying depths
    • Golden Age of Roman Sculpture occurred during the reign of Hadrian, with a revival of Grecian tastes and a focus on nude sculpture in the round
    • Sarcophagi were often carved with elaborate reliefs, featuring motifs such as garlands, swags, mythological stories, and battles

    Roman Sculpture Techniques

    • Negative relief: a technique of undercutting with a drill around the figure to produce a strong but flattering contrast of light and darkness
    • Lost wax process: a method of casting bronze, involving a series of steps including making a rough mold, creating a wax model, and carving the final figure

    Types of Roman Sculpture

    • Relief
    • Funeral Reliefs
    • Free-standing Sculpture
    • Portrait Sculpture

    Early Christian Sculpture

    • Not a dominant feature in early Christian churches, but continued in the decoration of sarcophagi and developed in miniature form on ivory and wooden reliefs
    • Works no longer corresponded to classical ideals of beauty, and the role of sculpture diminished due to the biblical prohibition of graven images
    • Tritons, Nereids, and other symbols of eternity were used as decoration
    • Carvings showed complex arrangements of biblical scenes

    Byzantine Sculpture

    • Sculpture in the round played a minimal part in Byzantine sculpture
    • Marble capitals were carved with delicate vine scrolls and inscrutable animals
    • Ivory panels were carved in relief, often used as covers for diptychs
    • Diptychs consisted of two ivory panels or plaques tied together, with records of the departing consuls' office listed on the inner surface

    Byzantine Period

    • Characterized by Iconography, the representation of Christ, the Virgin, angels, prophets, evangelists, and apostles
    • Icons were created in the form of mosaics, mural paintings, book illustrations, ivories, enamels, and icons
    • The Iconoclastic Age began during the reign of Emperor Leo III, with a focus on simple crosses and symbolism

    Romanesque Sculpture

    • Engraved patterned stones were found in astonishing numbers on monastic sites
    • Techniques advanced from engraving to relief sculptures
    • Designs were usually in geometric and interlace patterns
    • Romanesque sculpture is more commonly carved in reliefs and stone sculptures, often an integral part of architecture

    Gothic Sculpture

    • Early Gothic artists made façade sculptures more independent of the wall, while subordinating them to the discipline and linear clarity of the architectural design
    • Sculptures show purified cylindrical shapes, elongation, strict frontality, and tectonic immobility
    • The High Gothic Period saw sculpture assuming a deeper meaning, with subjects such as religious figures used as themes
    • Proportions were ideally perfect, but no longer elongated and more natural

    Mannerist Sculpture

    • Supplanted the Renaissance Style, making a virtue of complexity, distortion, and artifice
    • Focus on the human form, depicted in intricate poses and in exaggerated, not always realistic settings

    Baroque Sculpture

    • Despite its essential architectural function, was replete with lively movement and pictorial in nature
    • Figures moved, flew, or were contorted with agony
    • Abundant draperies fell in folds or were swept by the wind
    • Figures in historic poses were made more dramatic by vivid light and dark contrasts produced by pronounced undercutting or deep indentations

    Rococo Sculpture

    • Maintained the theatricality of Baroque, with sculptured figures that were even more melodramatic and compositions that were more complex
    • Elaborate tomb sculpture of the period looked more like stage sets
    • There was a parallel movement away from the grandeur and monumental style of Baroque
    • The Rococo taste for the small-scale soon expressed itself in the booming porcelain factories

    Neo-Classicism

    • Inspired by the study of antique sculpture and the idealized human form
    • Artists believed that the purpose of sculpture was the imitation of the beautiful forms of nature, idealized by the genius of the artist

    Modern Sculpture

    • Characterized by a wide variety of styles and techniques
    • Artists such as Constantin Brancusi, Henry Moore, and Germaine Richter created revolutionary and innovative works

    Indian Sculpture

    • Began in reference to all things Buddhist
    • Gods, animals, and other figures were carved into the façade of temples, monasteries, and stupas
    • Indian sculpture is stylized to represent certain religious ideas and doctrines

    Oriental Sculpture

    Chinese Sculpture

    • Highly stylized human and animal figures, usually in bronze, terra cotta, or glazed stoneware
    • The first period of interest is the Western Zhou Dynasty, from which come a variety of intricate cast bronze vessels
    • The Terracotta Army is a notable example of Chinese sculpture

    Japanese Sculpture

    • Countless sculptures were made, often under governmental sponsorship
    • Most are associated with religion, and the medium used declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism
    • Mediums used were usually wood, bronze, or clay

    Islam/Moorish Sculpture

    • Introduced a technique of deep relief done in plaster or stucco known as yesseria
    • Sculpture was almost completely absent from Islam art
    • It is based largely on linear patterns and geometric designs
    • The most important decorative motif was arabesque serpentine writhing of lines that represent the Arabic tree of life

    Philippine Sculpture

    • The conversion of Filipinos to Christianity had a profound effect on sculpture

    • The making of Anitos was disregarded, and Santos were carved instead

    • These were used for the adornment of churches and later on were adapted to the Filipino home

    • Secular sculpture flourished in the 19th century with busts, genre, and other non-religious subjects### Sculpture Terminology

    • Mural sculpture: a type of sculpture attached to a wall or surface

    • Naturalism: a style that depicts objects and figures as they appear in nature

    • Ornament: decorative elements added to a sculpture

    • Pedestal: the support or base on which a sculpture is mounted or displayed

    • Plaster: a material made from gypsum used for casting sculptures

    • Post-modern sculpture: sculpture created in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, characterized by a rejection of traditional styles and techniques

    • Realism: a style that depicts objects and figures as they appear in reality

    • Relief sculpture: a type of sculpture in which figures or objects are raised from the background surface

    • Renaissance sculpture: sculpture created during the Renaissance period, characterized by a revival of classical styles and techniques

    • Romanticism: a style that emphasizes emotion and imagination over reason and logic

    • Sand casting: a casting process in which the mold is made of sand and then the molten metal is poured into the mold

    • Sculptor: an artist who creates sculptures

    • Stone sculpture: a type of sculpture made from stone, such as marble or granite

    • Style: the distinctive characteristics of a sculpture or group of sculptures

    • Symbolism: the use of symbols or images to convey a deeper meaning or message in a sculpture

    • Terracotta: a type of sculpture made from fired clay, typically unglazed

    • Texture: the surface quality of a sculpture, which can be smooth, rough, polished, or otherwise varied

    • Three-dimensional: having three dimensions, height, width, and depth

    • Tools: the implements used by sculptors to create their work, such as chisels, hammers, and files

    • Volume: the amount of space occupied by a sculpture

    • Wood sculpture: a type of sculpture made from wood, such as carving or whittling

    Materials of Decoration

    • Plasticene: a material that does not shrink, crack, or dry out and can be worked on over a long time
    • Plaster cast: a copy of a sculpture, which is cast in plaster over a period of time, can accurately reproduce the details of the original sculpture, but is usually much less durable

    Ceramics and Pottery

    • Ceramics: non-metallic solids made up of either metal or non-metal compounds that have been shaped and hardened by heating to high temperatures
    • Pottery: the process of forming vessels and other artifacts with clay and other ceramic materials
    • Characteristics of ceramics: hard, corrosion-resistant, and brittle
    • Origin of the term Ceramics: comes from the Greek word Keramicos, meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from the Greek Keramos, meaning specifically "potter's clay"

    Pottery Production Stages

    The Clay State or Greenware

    • The ware is formed but hasn't gone under firing
    • Characteristics: brittle and fragile, but can be handled with care
    • Can be sanded with fine grade sandpaper to ensure a smooth finish in the completed item
    • Leather hard: a specific stage during the drying of the object, still visibly damp but has dried enough to be able to be handled without deformation
    • Bone dry: a term used to identify Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before it has gone through its first firing
    • Characteristics of bone dry: extremely brittle and will break apart very easily, should be handled as little as possible and great care must be taken when loading it into the kiln

    The Biscuit State or Bisque

    • A term literally meaning "half-baked"
    • Any pottery that has been fired without a ceramic glaze
    • Can be a final product such as bisque porcelain, or unglazed earthenware, often called terracotta, or, most commonly, an intermediary stage in a glazed final

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