Art as Culture

• Art is everywhere and offers many opportunities for communication.
• Humans have always altered the environment to survive.
• Man marks his place through his works, crafting tools and infrastructure.
• The word "art" originates from the Latin "ars," meaning craft or skill.
• Art can produce intended results through planned steps and is a product of imagination.
• Art is a means of expression, universal and spanning generations.
• Music, dance, poetry, and literature exemplify art.
• Art is man's interpretation of nature, subjective and experience-based.
• Experience is essential in art, requiring actual doing.
• Art is a creation with imagination, skill, beauty, and expresses ideas or feelings.
• Art allows for self-expression, exploration, and communication of complex emotions.
• Art is a deeply human endeavor, whether visual, performing, or literary.

Art as Culture

• Art is the work of humans and part of culture, depicting life, religion, and traditions.
• Artists draw inspiration from cultural heritage, incorporating new ideas.
• Humanities and art are vital to human growth and civilization.
• Humans express thoughts and feelings through art in every period of time.

Art Appreciation

• Everyone is a spectator of art, making choices based on beauty and standards.
• Art appreciation stems from distinguishing fine, beautiful, and quality.
• Cultivating art appreciation involves developing taste for fine things.
• Art allows individuals to make informed choices about necessities and luxuries.
• Aesthetically valuable things influence the development and evolution of arts.
• Museums, galleries, and theaters enhance understanding and appreciation of art.

Creativity in Art

• Creativity sets artwork apart.
• Creative work is original and extraordinary.
• A creative artist does not copy but embraces originality.

Art as Imagination

• Art begins with imagination.
• Imagination is more important than knowledge, encompassing the entire world.
• Imagination allows endless possibilities, going beyond norms.
• Imagination crafts bold, new creations that stimulate change.

Art as Expression

• Art expresses feelings that are hard to explain.
• Expressing oneself releases tormenting states.
• Emotions are unknown until expressed.

Ways of Expressing Oneself Through Arts

• Expression individualizes art, giving artists freedom.
• Visual arts appeal to sight and are mainly visual in nature.
• Performance art, theater, sculpture, paintings, drawing, and digital imaging are examples of visual arts.

Film

• Film creates illusion of movement.
• Filmmaking stimulates experience and aims to deliver ideas, feelings, or beauty.

Performance Art

• Performance art is alive.
• The artist's body is the medium that also employs other art forms.
• Performance art cannot be bought or traded.

Poetry Performance

• Poetry expresses emotions through words.
• Carefully selected words exhibit clarity and beauty to stimulate emotions.
• Words are combined with movements, tone, and intensity.

Architecture

• Architecture makes beautiful buildings.
• Good Architecture embody plan, construction, and design.

Dance

• Dance is a series of movements that follows rhythm.
• Dancing is a creative form of self-expression.
• Dancers invent movements that are graceful and beautiful.

Literary arts

• Literary artists use words, not paint, to express themselves and communicate emotions.
• Good literary art goes beyond the ordinary and is non-fiction such as novels, biography, and poems.

Theater

• Theater uses live performers to present events.
• It usually follows a script but are not literary arts.
• Theater includes acting, gesture, lighting, music, scenery, and props.
• Drama, musical, tragedy, comedy, and improvisation are types of theatre.

Applied arts

• Applied arts incorporate style and design to enhance everyday items
• Interior, industrial, fashion, and graphic design are applied arts.

Kinds of Art

• Art is a product of man's creativity, imagination, and expression.
• Artists invent patterns based on their perception of beauty.

Prehistoric Art

• Early humans transitioned from nomadic to settled life.
• Stone Age humans created paintings and sculptures of their lives and environment.
• Early art connects art, religion, and daily existence.
• Paleolithic art was driven by climate change.
• Ancient Humans sought shelter in caves, which became canvases.

Paleolithic

• The "Hall of Bulls" in Lascaux exemplifies Paleolithic art with naturalistic animals.
• Early humans created the depictions using contouring and dark colors.
• They used spray painting and juxtaposing light and shadow to create 3D effects.

Neolithic

• Stable human settlements highlighted by structures like Stonehenge.
• Stonehenge signifies advancements in architectural capabilities and served as a temple or calendar.

Egyptian Art

• Egyptian art is within the context of the Nile River's vital role in life.
• The Nile was deified, underscoring its deep cultural and religious importance.
• The Nile's reverence shaped Egyptian beliefs and practices.
• Civilizations emerged in river valleys like the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, and Huang Ho.

Egyptian Civilization Periods

• Old, Middle, and New Kingdom
• The Great Pyramid of Giza served as tombs for pharaohs, constructed with over two million blocks.
• The Pyramid highlighting Egyptian ingenuity.
• The Middle Kingdom had a shift in political hierarchy and decline in art.
• Egypt was invaded by Hykos, ushering in the Bronze age weapons
• New Kingdom art referenced preceding kingdoms.
• New kingdoms started mortuary temples.
• This era monuments linked with death and reverence for the deceased.
• Egypt established itself as an advanced and powerful civilization.
• High regard for the people was reflected in massive sculptures.
• Amarna Revolution was led by King Akhenaton and Queen Nafertiti.
• The Capital was moved to Tel El-Amarna.
• Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton signaling a revolution to his religion.
• His name was also a change in religion to - Aton
• Use of Naturalism was a short part of the period.
• The tomb of Tutankhanem was one of the greatest discoveries.
• Sculptures had curving lines and full-bodied forms.
• Emphasis was placed on life-like features and natural artworks.
• Howard Carter found the tomb in 1922.
• He discovered gold artworks, a solid gold coffin, and a gold mask covered the king's face.

Art of Emerging Europe

• Ancient Greece
• Greek art has four periods: Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic.
• Greece recovered from their Dark Ages and geometric shapes took shape.
• The Greek Archaic period was a result of trading activities.
• Theater and drama originate in Greek civilizations.
• The classical period was the peak of Greek sculpture and architecture.
• Greeks rebuilt templates and focused on creation.
• Hellenistic sculptures emphasized balance and dynamic subjects.
• "Lacoon and his Sons" depicts Lacoon and his sons being strangled by serpents.
• Dionysus' followers started Greek theater.
• People devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies.
• Dionysians created structured drama with dances and choral songs.

Ancient Rome

• The Roman republic was established at 500 BCE.
• The civilization became one of Western Europe's mightiest empires.
• Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic period.
• Principles of realism were used and highlighted human features.
• Greek and Roman cultures are seen in Roman artworks.
• Romans copied Greek art and created stern, harsh, and strong artworks.
• Romans were master builders, and the Collosseum was used for entertainment.
• Roman valued their gods.

The Middle Ages

• The Middle Ages are between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.
• The Church was the central authority.
• The most important products were copies of Christian scriptures.

Renaissance Art

• During the period, artists valued the "individual".
• Influenced by humanism and naturalism, artists emphasized proportionality.
• Artists added perspectives of depth and three-dimensional painting.
• Non-religious themes became important.

Mannerism

• Mannerism was a product of the Renaissance Period.
• Artists would observe nature and try to emulate it.
• Artists copied subjects from existing works.
• Distorted figures, two-dimensional space, and discordant colors were displayed.

Baroque and the Rococo

• "Baroque” is derived from "barocco" (irregularly shaped pearl) and is believed to be a response to Protestantism.
• Politics and art were strengthened aside from religion.
• Motion and space were taken into consideration.
• Vivaldi, Corelli, Bach and Handel made music to communicate and evoke feelings.

Neoclassism

• Neoclassicism transpired in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
• The movement aimed to rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman art.

Romanticism

• During that period, Romanticism used central themes of Neoclassical artworks.
• There was a focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements like the French Revolution.
• Romanticism promoted justice, equality, and goodness of mankind.

Realism

• Realism focuses on accuracy of details that mirrors reality.
• Emphasis is placed on observable traits.
• Influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture.
• Idealistic concepts were replaced by real manifestations of society.

Impressionism

• Impressionism began in France and broke from tradition in the mid to late 1800s.
• Scientific principles of color was used.
• Artists emphasized immediate impressions through brushstrokes.

Post Impressionism

• Post-Impressionism emerged in France and rejected the influence of Impressionism.
• The movement that led to the development of individual style that broke colors and short brush strokes.
• Famous artists of the time include Paul Cazanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gaugin, Vincent van Gogh.

Neo-Impressionism

• Most relied on systematic and scientific techniques for visual effects
• Georges Seurat recorded optical sensations.
• He found Color theories theory paved way for the technique called Pointillism .
• Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and Camille Pissarro were artists of the time.

Art Nouveau

• Between 1890 and 1910, Art Nouveau emerged in Europe and the United States.
• The ornamentation uses organic lines.

Fauvism

• The style of art emerged in France around the turn of the 20th century.
• Revolutionary color were used by applying straight from the paint tubes
• Artists used picture space defined by the movement of color.

Cubism

• During 1907 and -1914, French artist Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced cubism.
• Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane.
• Focused on defying imitation

Futurism

• Started in Italy and highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines.
• Common themes are restlessness and the fast-paced of modern life.
• Italian poet and editor Filippon Tommaso Marinetti coined the term "futurism”.
• Futurist sought to disregard traditional methods and embrace change.

Arts summary

• Europe has witnessed cultural shifts in its political landscape and social makeup.
• Art has been a medium of communication originating from Greek and Roman civilizations.
• Realism highlighted the primacy of individuality.

Philosophical concept Telos

• 'Purpose' in Greek asserts every substance has an end or purpose.
• Aristotle the philosopher coined it
• Translation means purpose
• Connection to function states substance must fulfill its function
• Human end is Eudaimonia, or fulfillment and happiness for humans.
• rationality : Happiness is linked to rationality, which distinguishes humans from other entities
• Every substance has a telos, or purpose, and is moves towards fulfilling it
• telos is the attainment of eudaimonia
• Philosophers thought people can achieve happiness through art as its worth exploring

Functions of art

• Personal function of art- varied and subjective
• Meaning depends on the creator.
• Art may be created out of self- expression or therapeutic purpose.
• Social functions- a social function if it addresses a collective interest.
• It may convey a message of protest, contestation or other intent of artist
• Physical function of art- easy to spot and understand
• Physical function can be found in artworks that serve some physical purpose.

Other Functions of Art

• Music was used for dance and religion.
• Sculpture is another functional art with various purposes used to erect statuses of the divine
• Architecture is the most prominent functional art form.
• Not all functional art is architecture
• The value of artwork art doesnt not depend on work but on itself.

Art as imitation

• Plato's “The Republic” paints artists as mere imitators
• Plato advises against the inclusion of art and banned in artists from his Republic
• He thought art appealed to the emotion
• They imitate and not truly lead reality.

Other Art

• Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing truth.
• Unlike Plato, Aristotle says art represents possible versions of what can be
• Art has the ability to be both instructive and teach the world.
• Immanuel Kant considered beauty the the cornerstone of art as something that can be universal.
• Leo Tolstoy says art communicates emotions.

Art history facts

• Art has been at the front and developing civilizations
• The functions of art- classified as personal, social, or physical
• Howards S. Becker's Art worlds of art- all artistic work involves the joint activity of a number.

Lesson 6

• Indigenous people- A colourful group
• Abaca (Musa textilis) a plant that looks like a banana tree.
• Bamboo (Bambusa Spinosa) - used to employ furniture

Craftsmanship

• Jewelry - handcraft is primarily found in Central Luzon
• Metal crafts - located in Provinces Batangas
• Pots and jars- are manufactured in San Nicolas , Ilocos

####Precolonial

• Banog- a dance chickens is swooping
• Cañao- a Luzon cordillera ritual prosperity or the promise Mamakar- is a Bortoc war dance harvest Mayvanuvanua - refers Mataw fishermen island Pangalay- a Tausug native weddings social agility #######