Questions and Answers
Which 20th-century art style is best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso?
Who was the Italian fascist leader after World War I?
Benito Mussolini
What political philosophy became predominant in Italy and Germany during the 1920s and 1930s?
Fascism
What economic and political system was imported to Latin America from European political movements?
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What revolution resulted in the ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power?
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Who imposed a strong central government in Mexico after being elected president in 1876?
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Which moderate democratic reformer proposed reforms in Mexico in 1910?
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Who was a Mexican revolutionary and military commander during the Mexican Revolution?
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Who was the Mexican revolutionary leader that demanded sweeping land reform?
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Who attempted to reestablish a centralized dictatorship in Mexico after Madero's removal?
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Who emerged as the leader of the Mexican government in 1915 and was elected president in 1920?
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What marked the formal end of the Mexican Revolution?
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Who was famous for murals painted on public buildings after the Mexican Revolution?
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Which Mexican muralist's work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols?
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What was the conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s known as?
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Who was the liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917?
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What military organization was constructed under Leon Trotsky's leadership?
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What policy initiated by Lenin in 1921 contributed to the recovery of food production?
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What federal system of socialist republics was established in 1923 in Russia?
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What was the parliament of the USSR known as?
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Who succeeded Lenin as head of the USSR and established five-year plans?
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What international office of communism was established under USSR dominance?
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What agricultural practice involved the creation of large, state-run farms?
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Who was the warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty?
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What movement began in 1919 in response to Japanese encroachments in China?
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Who was the Chinese intellectual that gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy?
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Who was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party who initiated the Great Leap Forward?
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What was the Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919 called?
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What military academy was founded by the Guomindang in 1924?
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Who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang?
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What was the Communist escape from Hunan province during the civil war called?
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What international economic crisis followed World War I and began with the collapse of the American stock market in 1929?
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What coalition of socialist and communist political parties in France won the election in 1936?
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What precursor of the modern welfare state was enacted by President Franklin Roosevelt?
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What kind of government exercised massive control over activities of its subjects during the 20th century?
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What was the secret police in Nazi Germany known for?
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What war occurred between authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists from 1936 to 1939?
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What political ideology emphasized the organic nature of society?
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Who was the President of Mexico responsible for land redistribution from 1934 to 1940?
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Who was elected president of Brazil in 1929 and imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy?
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Who became the dominant political figure in Argentina after a military coup in 1943?
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What were Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of the USSR called?
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What was the attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses called?
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What was the executive committee of the Soviet Communist party known as?
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Study Notes
Art and Political Movements
- Cubist Movement: An early 20th-century art style exemplified by Pablo Picasso, featuring familiar objects depicted through geometric shapes.
- Fascism: Gained prominence in Italy and Germany in the 1920s-1930s; criticized democracy, capitalism; promised vigorous military programs and state control over the economy.
- Benito Mussolini: Italian fascist leader, established the first fascist government (1922-1943) emphasizing aggressive foreign policy.
- Syndicalism: Economic system based on labor organization, influential in Latin America; connected to militant political movements.
Mexican Revolution
- Mexican Revolution: A decade-long conflict beginning in 1910, led by figures like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, resulting in the fall of Porfirio Díaz.
- Porfirio Díaz: Mexican general and president (1876-1911) noted for establishing a centralized government.
- Francisco Madero: A democratic reformer who initiated revolutionary actions against Díaz; briefly held power before assassination.
- Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata: Key revolutionary leaders fighting for land reform and peasant rights; both played significant roles in overthrowing Díaz.
Key Events and Legislation
- Victoriano Huerta: Attempted to restore dictatorship post-Madero but was ousted by revolutionary forces in 1914.
- Alvaro Obregón: Elected president in 1920, emerged as a leading figure in post-revolutionary Mexico.
- Mexican Constitution of 1917: Enacted land reform, restricted foreign ownership of resources, and ensured worker rights, signifying the revolution's formal conclusion.
Art and Culture Post-Revolution
- Diego Rivera & José Clemente Orozco: Prominent Mexican muralists who integrated historical and ideological themes in their work post-revolution.
- Cristeros Movement: A conservative peasant uprising in the 1920s reacting against secularism in Mexico.
The Russian Revolution and Stalin
- Alexander Kerensky: Liberal revolutionary leader advocating for parliamentary rule during the early stages of the Russian Revolution.
- Red Army: Military organization of the Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky, integral in consolidating power.
- Joseph Stalin: Succeeded Lenin, initiated major economic policies including collectivization and five-year plans, and ruled through terror and oppression.
Socio-Economic Policies in the USSR
- New Economic Policy: Introduced by Lenin in 1921, blending state control with individual initiative allowing for the recovery of food production.
- Collectivization: Transition to large state-run farms aimed at efficient control but often diminished agricultural output.
China's Political Landscape
- Yuan Shikai: Became a prominent warlord and leader of China post-Qing dynasty; resigned amid Japanese invasion.
- May Fourth Movement: 1919 movement of intellectuals aimed at reforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected traditional Confucian values.
- Mao Zedong: Key figure in the Chinese Communist Party, leading peasant-focused revolution and ultimately gaining control of China by 1949.
Global Economic Context
- Great Depression: A worldwide economic crisis beginning with the 1929 stock market crash; resulted in massive unemployment and bank failures, challenging previous economic optimisms.
- Popular Front: French political coalition of socialist and communist parties that won elections in 1936 but struggled to implement reforms.
Authoritarian Regimes
- Totalitarian States: Governments in Germany, Italy, and the USSR exerted extensive control over citizen life.
- Gestapo: The notorious secret police of Nazi Germany, known for their ruthless tactics.
- Spanish Civil War: Conflict from 1936-1939 between authoritarian forces and republicans, with foreign support impacting the outcome.
Key Figures in Latin America
- Lázaro Cárdenas: Mexican president noted for land redistribution and rural education initiatives between 1934-1940.
- Getúlio Vargas: Brazilian president who centralized power and established a constitution inspired by Mussolini; held power until suicide in 1954.
- Juan D. Perón: Argentine military leader and populist president, known for his appeal to the working class; significant political force in mid-20th century Argentina.
Soviet Cultural Policies
- Five-Year Plans: Stalin's strategy for rapid industrialization, causing widespread changes and hardship in consumer product availability.
- Socialist Realism: An initiative under Stalin aimed at aligning Soviet culture with state ideology, promoting accessible artistic forms.
- Politburo: The executive committee of the Soviet Communist party, wielding significant power within the party structure.
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Description
Explore the intersection of art and political movements with this quiz that covers key topics like the Cubist Movement, Fascism, and the Mexican Revolution. Test your knowledge of influential figures such as Benito Mussolini and Francisco Madero, and understand their impact on society and culture.
