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Questions and Answers
Increased number of –OH groups leads to increased ______.
Increased number of –OH groups leads to increased ______.
solubility
1O alcohol oxidizes to form an ______.
1O alcohol oxidizes to form an ______.
aldehyde
The Iodoform test results in the formation of a yellow ______.
The Iodoform test results in the formation of a yellow ______.
precipitate
The oxidation rate of alcohols follows the order 1O > 2O > ______.
The oxidation rate of alcohols follows the order 1O > 2O > ______.
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The Ferric Chloride test produces a purple solution for alcohols with ______ rings.
The Ferric Chloride test produces a purple solution for alcohols with ______ rings.
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The main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons are ______ and coal tar.
The main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons are ______ and coal tar.
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One method of preparing toluene is through ______-Crafts Alkylation.
One method of preparing toluene is through ______-Crafts Alkylation.
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______ is the parent of all aromatic compounds.
______ is the parent of all aromatic compounds.
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The presence of a ______ in a benzene ring indicates that all the bonds are equal.
The presence of a ______ in a benzene ring indicates that all the bonds are equal.
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The major product from the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene with n-propyl bromide is ______ substituted.
The major product from the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene with n-propyl bromide is ______ substituted.
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If inhaled at high levels, benzene may cause ______.
If inhaled at high levels, benzene may cause ______.
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The Friedel-Crafts Alkylation reaction involves a catalyst, which is ______.
The Friedel-Crafts Alkylation reaction involves a catalyst, which is ______.
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Benzene exposure can lead to damage in the bone ______, resulting in decreased red blood cells.
Benzene exposure can lead to damage in the bone ______, resulting in decreased red blood cells.
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Study Notes
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Sources: Petroleum and Coal Tar
-
Preparation of Toluene:
- Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride to produce toluene and hydrogen chloride.
- Wurtz-Fittig Reaction: Bromobenzene reacts with methyl bromide in the presence of sodium in dry ether to produce toluene and bromine.
Benzene
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Ill effects:
- Short-term exposure: May cause death.
- Low-level exposure: Drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness.
- Ingestion: Vomiting, stomach irritation, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, and death.
- Long-term exposure: Bone marrow damage, anemia, and leukemia.
- Immune system depression: Increased susceptibility to infections.
Aromatic Bonding Representation
- Circle in a hexagon: Represents equal bonding between all carbon atoms in a benzene ring.
- Alternating single and double bonds (Kekulé structure): Shortcoming is that it implies different bond lengths between carbons, which is not the case.
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene
- Reaction: p-xylene reacts with n-propyl bromide in the presence of a catalyst like aluminum chloride.
- Products: Isopropyl and n-propyl substituted p-xylene.
- Major product: Isopropyl substituted.
- Minor product: n-propyl substituted.
Alcohols and Phenols
- Solubility: Increases with the number of hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.
-
Oxidation:
- Primary (1°) Alcohol: Oxidized to an aldehyde, which can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Example: ethanol --> acetaldehyde --> acetic acid.
- Secondary (2°) Alcohol: Oxidized to a ketone. Example: propan-2-ol --> propanone.
- Tertiary (3°) Alcohol: Does not oxidize.
- Iodoform Test: A yellow precipitate (CHI3) forms if a compound containing a methyl ketone group is present.
Phenolic Compounds
- Ferric Chloride test: Produces a violet coloration.
- Millon's test: Specific test for phenolic amino acids: produces a red coloured solution.
Alcohol Classification
-
Lucas' reagent:
- Tertiary (3°) alcohols react immediately with Lucas' reagent, forming two layers or cloudiness.
- Secondary (2°) alcohols react slower.
- Primary (1°) alcohols do not react.
- Oxidation Rate: Primary (1°) alcohols oxidize faster than secondary (2°) alcohols, which oxidize faster than tertiary (3°) alcohols.
- Ferric Chloride Test: Isopropyl alcohol does not react. Alcohols with aromatic rings produce a purple solution.
Alcohol Types
- Aliphatic: Example: methanol (CH3OH), ethanol ( CH3CH2OH), propan-2-ol (CH3CHOHCH3).
- Alicyclic: Example: cyclohexanol.
- Aromatic: Example: benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH).
- Polyhydric: Example: glycerol (CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)).
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Description
Test your knowledge on aromatic hydrocarbons, focusing on their sources, preparation methods, and the effects of benzene exposure. This quiz also covers representation of aromatic bonding, including the structure of benzene. Challenge yourself to learn more about these important organic compounds!
