Human Anatomy Week 11 - Arm and Elbow
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Questions and Answers

Which structure does NOT pass through the carpal tunnel?

  • Flexor carpi radialis (correct)
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus

    • What is the primary impact of swelling in the carpal tunnel on the median nerve?

  • Sensory changes around the thumb and digits (correct)
  • Increased strength in thumb muscles
  • Decreased blood flow to the forearm
  • Increased dexterity in the fingers

    • Which components are found in Guyon’s canal?

  • Flexor carpi radialis and median nerve
  • Ulnar artery and ulnar nerve (correct)
  • Brachial artery and median nerve
  • Radial artery and medial nerve

    • Which muscles have an attachment to the coronoid process of the ulna?

    <p>Brachialis and pronator teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tendon contributes four tendons to the carpal tunnel?

    <p>Flexor digitorum profundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows the ulna to fit when going into flexion?

    <p>Fossa for coronoid process of ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nerve associated with the anterior compartment of the arm?

    <p>Musculocutaneous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures accommodates the olecranon process when the elbow is fully extended?

    <p>Olecranon fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts as a stabilizer for shoulder flexion in the anterior compartment of the arm?

    <p>Coracobrachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily associated with the long head of the biceps brachii due to its blood supply?

    <p>Biceps tendonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The radial tuberosity serves as the major attachment point for which muscle?

    <p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the medial epicondyle compared to the lateral epicondyle?

    <p>It is more prominent than the lateral epicondyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the triceps brachii?

    <p>Extends the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the coracobrachialis muscle?

    <p>Musculocutaneous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the anterior forearm muscle primarily includes wrist flexors?

    <p>Superficial layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical significance of the medial bicipital groove?

    <p>It houses both the brachial artery and median nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is specifically responsible for stabilizing the elbow joint during extension?

    <p>Anconeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship of the brachial artery at the elbow?

    <p>It runs medial to the ulnar nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically does the flexor digitorum profundus muscle do?

    <p>Flexes the distal phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The annular ligament of the radius is mainly responsible for which function?

    <p>Stabilizing the head of the radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when swelling occurs in the bursae around the elbow?

    <p>It can occur without impairing the joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in both flexion and adduction of the arm?

    <p>Coracobrachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Arm and Elbow Anatomy

    • Arm Bones (Humerus):

      • Head: Rounded, proximal end
      • Anatomical Neck: Narrowing below the head
      • Surgical Neck: Narrowing just distal to the tubercles
      • Greater Tuberosity: Large, lateral bump
      • Lesser Tuberosity: Smaller, medial bump
      • Intertubercular Groove: Groove between tubercles, containing the biceps tendon
      • Deltoid Tuberosity: Raised area on the lateral humerus, for deltoid muscle attachment
      • Lateral Epicondyle: Lateral bony projection distal to the elbow
      • Medial Epicondyle: Medial bony projection distal to the elbow (extends further)
      • Trochlea: Distal articular surface that articulates with the ulna
      • Capitulum: Distal articular surface that articulates with the radius
      • Coronoid Fossa: Anterior depression for the coronoid process of the ulna
      • Radial Fossa: Anterior depression for the head of the radius
      • Olecranon Fossa: Posterior depression for the olecranon process of the ulna

    • Humerus (Posterior View):

      • Radial Groove: Smooth groove between rough patches of muscle attachment, on the posterior surface
      • Olecranon Fossa: Posterior depression for the olecranon process of the ulna in full extension

    • Forearm Bones (Radius and Ulna):

      • Radius:
        • Head: Proximal round extension
        • Neck: Narrowed area distal to the head
        • Radial Tuberosity: Major attachment for the biceps brachii.
      • Ulna:
        • Coronoid Process: Beak-like projection
        • Ulnar Tuberosity: Distal to the coronoid process
        • Olecranon Process: Large, posterior projection (the "elbow bone")
        • Trochlear Notch: Notch between the olecranon and coronoid process that articulates with the trochlea
        • Radial Notch: Notch where the radius head articulates

    Arm Fascia and Compartments

    • Brachial Fascia:

      • Continuous with deltoid fascia
      • Two intermuscular septa (lateral and medial)
      • Divides the arm into anterior and posterior compartments, housing flexor and extensor muscles, respectively.

    • Nerves:

      • Musculocutaneous nerve: Anterior compartment
      • Radial nerve: Posterior compartment

    • Structures related to impingment:

    • Arcade of Struthers:

    • Ligament of Struthers:

      • Associated with medial elbow area
      • Can impinge nerves and vessels

    Arm Muscles (Anterior Compartment)

    • Biceps Brachii:
      • Two heads (short and long)
      • Major elbow flexor
      • Supinates the forearm (more effective in supination)
      • Origin: short head - coracoid process; long head - supraglenoid tubercle
      • Insertion: radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
      • Nerve: musculocutaneous
    • Coracobrachialis: Stabilizes shoulder flexion, resists dislocation
      • Origin: coracoid process
      • Insertion: medial humerus
      • Nerve: musculocutaneous
    • Brachialis: Powerful elbow flexor
      • Origin: humerus
      • Insertion: ulna
      • Nerve: musculocutaneous

    Arm Muscles (Posterior Compartment)

    • Triceps Brachii:

      • Three heads (long, lateral, medial)
      • Major elbow extensor
      • Long head crosses shoulder, resists shoulder dislocation in adduction
      • Origin: Long head - infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head - humerus superior to radial groove; Medial head - humerus inferior to radial groove
      • Insertion: olecranon process of ulna
      • Nerve: radial

    • Anconeus: Small muscle, assists in elbow extension

      • Origin: lateral epicondyle
      • Insertion: posterior ulna
      • Nerve: radial

    Elbow Joint

    • Joints:

      • Humeroulnar (hinge joint)
      • Humeroradial (gliding joint)
      • Proximal radioulnar (pivot joint for pronation and supination).

    • Capsule: Encloses all three joints, a singular synovial capsule

    • Ligaments:

      • Ulnar Collateral Ligament (MCL): Resists valgus forces
      • Radial Collateral Ligament: Resists varus forces
      • Annular Ligament: Encircles radius head, resists dislocation

    Forearm Muscles (Anterior)

    • Superficial Layer:

      • Pronator Teres: Pronates and flexes forearm

        • Origin: medial epicondyle, coronoid process
        • Insertion: radius
        • Nerve: Median

      • Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes and abducts wrist

        • Origin: medial epicondyle
        • Insertion: 2nd metacarpal
        • Nerve: Median

      • Palmaris Longus: Flexes wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosis

        • Origin: medial epicondyle
        • Insertion: flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis
        • Nerve: Median.

      • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and adducts wrist

        • Origin: medial epicondyle, ulna
        • Insertion: pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal
        • Nerve: Ulnar

    • Intermediate Layer: Flexor digitorum superficialis

    • Deep Layer: Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longus, Pronator quadratus

    Forearm Muscles (Posterior)

    • Posterior muscles are extensors

    • Note that there are muscles in the posterior forearm that attach to the radius and ulna and they are extensors

    Neurovascular Structures

    • Cubital Fossa: Contains

      • Biceps tendon
      • Brachial artery
      • Median nerve.

    • Carpal Tunnel:

      • Contains tendons of flexor muscles (9): flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and the flexor pollicis longus.
      • Contains the median nerve.

    • Guyon's Canal: Contains the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the arm and elbow. This quiz covers key terms related to the bones of the arm, including the humerus and its notable features. Perfect for students of anatomy and healthcare professionals.

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