4 Questions
Match the following philosophers with their association with Utilitarianism:
Jeremy Bentham = One of the philosophers questioning rationality for moral rights James Mill = One of the philosophers questioning rationality for moral rights Immanuel Kant = Not associated with Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill = Associated with Utilitarianism
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Sentience = Refers to the ability to feel pleasure and pain Rationalism = Belief that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge Hedonic calculus = A method used in utilitarianism to determine the rightness or wrongness of actions Reductionist approach = One of the common approaches to describe Utilitarianism
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Quantitative approach = Concerned with aggregate utility maximization Utilitarianism = Maximizing happiness or pleasure among all people Reductionist approach = An approach to describe Utilitarianism
Match the following beliefs with their descriptions:
Utilitarianism = Justifies military force or war Rationalism = Belief that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than religious belief Sentience = Refers to whether something can feel pleasure and pain Hedonic calculus = Used to determine the rightness or wrongness of actions in Utilitarianism
Study Notes
Aristotle's 12 Virtues
- Truthfulness: advocates honesty, lies between the vices of being an effortless liar and undiplomatic.
- Courage: also known as fortitude, is the "observance of the mean with regard to things that excite confidence or fear".
- Wittiness: relates to a good sense of humor and intellect, with a golden mean between boorishness and buffoonery.
- Temperance: one of the 4 cardinal virtues, means moderation or self-restraint to a decent extent, between overindulgence and abstinence.
- Liberality: aims to reach the golden mean between giving all you have and being a pinchpenny, and is the virtue of charity.
- Magnificence: the virtue of living extravagantly, with a midpoint between vulgarity and severe austerity.
Moral Development
- Influence of Playmates and Companions: influences moral development, habits, and character.
- Cultural Environment: exerts a powerful influence on moral development, through customs, traditions, mores, folkways, and values.
Aristotle's Moral Philosophy
- Assessing Broad Characters: focuses on assessing the broad characters of human beings rather than singular acts in isolation.
- Teleologist: believes that every object has a final cause, purpose, goal, or end, and that every object has a way of achieving goodness.
Human Telos
- Function Argument: identifies what the good for a human being is, based on what the function of a human being is.
- Reason: the telos of a human being, and the good for a human being is acting in accordance with reason.
- Eudaimonia: the state that all humans should aim for, which is the aim and end of human existence, and can be translated as "flourishing".
Ethical Theories
- Utilitarianism: determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes, and holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
- Kantian Ethics: a deontological ethical theory developed by Immanuel Kant, based on the notion that a good will is the only thing that is good without limitation.
- Impartiality: a democratic ethical principle that official judgments and reports should be based on objective and relevant criteria, without bias or prejudice.
Moral Rights and Rationality
- Sentience: refers to whether or not something can feel pleasure and pain, and may imply an ethical duty to these subjects.
- Rationalism: a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
Learn about Aristotle's moral virtues of truthfulness and courage. Explore how truthfulness advocates for honesty while courage is about observance of the mean with regard to things that excite confidence or fear.
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