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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What does biopsychology primarily focus on?
What does biopsychology primarily focus on?
- Studying thoughts and their relationship to experiences
- Exploring how biology influences behavior based on physiology (correct)
- Studying the ultimate biological causes of behavior
- Applying psychological theories to industrial and organizational settings
Which area of psychology studies patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique?
Which area of psychology studies patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique?
- Social Psychology
- Biopsychology
- Personality Psychology (correct)
- Cognitive Psychology
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
- Studying changes across a lifespan from infancy to adulthood
- Immediate cause of behavior based on physiology
- Studying thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions (correct)
- Exploring the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects on health
In the context of psychology, what does I-O stand for?
In the context of psychology, what does I-O stand for?
What is a key aspect of evolutionary psychology's focus?
What is a key aspect of evolutionary psychology's focus?
Which psychology area studies how health is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
Which psychology area studies how health is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
Which branch of psychology is concerned with how individuals interact or relate to others?
Which branch of psychology is concerned with how individuals interact or relate to others?
What are some common personality traits studied in modern Personality Psychology?
What are some common personality traits studied in modern Personality Psychology?
In what settings do Industrial Psychologists typically apply psychological theories?
In what settings do Industrial Psychologists typically apply psychological theories?
What did the study on schizophrenics show about their sleep patterns?
What did the study on schizophrenics show about their sleep patterns?
What is the relationship between mental illness and sleep, as described by Foster?
What is the relationship between mental illness and sleep, as described by Foster?
What does Foster suggest about the role of genes in both sleep and mental health?
What does Foster suggest about the role of genes in both sleep and mental health?
What is the self-reference effect?
What is the self-reference effect?
How long can short-term memory generally last?
How long can short-term memory generally last?
What is George Miller's contribution to our understanding of short-term memory?
What is George Miller's contribution to our understanding of short-term memory?
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the conflict faced during infancy?
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the conflict faced during infancy?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during the elementary school years?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during the elementary school years?
According to Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during adolescence?
According to Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during adolescence?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during late adulthood?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during late adulthood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of sport and exercise psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a function of sport and exercise psychology?
What is the primary purpose of institutional review boards?
What is the primary purpose of institutional review boards?
Which of the following is NOT a minimum requirement for obtaining informed consent from research participants?
Which of the following is NOT a minimum requirement for obtaining informed consent from research participants?
What is the American Psychological Association's stance on the use of deception in behavioral research?
What is the American Psychological Association's stance on the use of deception in behavioral research?
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?
Which of the following heuristics describes a faulty way of thinking where you unintentionally stereotype someone or something?
Which of the following heuristics describes a faulty way of thinking where you unintentionally stereotype someone or something?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle action and memory, and its effects include increased arousal and enhanced cognition?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle action and memory, and its effects include increased arousal and enhanced cognition?
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which three colors can be combined to produce all colors in the spectrum?
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which three colors can be combined to produce all colors in the spectrum?
Which of the following drugs is an agonist for dopamine?
Which of the following drugs is an agonist for dopamine?
According to Foster, what is the relationship between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and sleep?
According to Foster, what is the relationship between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and sleep?
What is the primary focus of biopsychology?
What is the primary focus of biopsychology?
Which area of psychology studies the immediate cause of behavior based on physiology?
Which area of psychology studies the immediate cause of behavior based on physiology?
What does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
What does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
Which branch of psychology studies patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique?
Which branch of psychology studies patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique?
In industrial psychology (I-O), what issues are I-O psychologists typically involved in?
In industrial psychology (I-O), what issues are I-O psychologists typically involved in?
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
Which area of psychology studies the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors affecting health?
Which area of psychology studies the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors affecting health?
What type of causes does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
What type of causes does evolutionary psychology primarily focus on?
Which field of psychology applies psychological theories to industrial and organizational settings?
Which field of psychology applies psychological theories to industrial and organizational settings?
What is the major focus of developmental psychology?
What is the major focus of developmental psychology?
What is the self-reference effect?
What is the self-reference effect?
How long can short-term memory generally last?
How long can short-term memory generally last?
What was George Miller's contribution to our understanding of short-term memory?
What was George Miller's contribution to our understanding of short-term memory?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during infancy?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during infancy?
According to Foster, what is the relationship between mental illness and sleep?
According to Foster, what is the relationship between mental illness and sleep?
What does Foster suggest about the role of genes in both sleep and mental health?
What does Foster suggest about the role of genes in both sleep and mental health?
What did the study on schizophrenics show about their sleep patterns?
What did the study on schizophrenics show about their sleep patterns?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during adolescence?
In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial conflict faced during adolescence?
What is the primary purpose of institutional review boards?
What is the primary purpose of institutional review boards?
Which of the following is NOT a function of sport and exercise psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a function of sport and exercise psychology?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood, sleep, and learning, with effects that include increased pleasure and suppressed appetite?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood, sleep, and learning, with effects that include increased pleasure and suppressed appetite?
Which of the following drugs is an agonist for dopamine?
Which of the following drugs is an agonist for dopamine?
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which three colors can be combined to produce all colors in the visible spectrum?
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which three colors can be combined to produce all colors in the visible spectrum?
What is the primary purpose of debriefing in psychological research?
What is the primary purpose of debriefing in psychological research?
Which of the following heuristics describes a faulty way of thinking where you unintentionally stereotype someone or something based on limited information?
Which of the following heuristics describes a faulty way of thinking where you unintentionally stereotype someone or something based on limited information?
What is the relationship between sleep and mental illness, as described by Foster?
What is the relationship between sleep and mental illness, as described by Foster?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in brain functioning and sleep, with effects that include decreased anxiety and decreased tension?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in brain functioning and sleep, with effects that include decreased anxiety and decreased tension?
What is the American Psychological Association's (APA) stance on the use of deception in behavioral research?
What is the American Psychological Association's (APA) stance on the use of deception in behavioral research?
Which of the following is NOT a minimum requirement for obtaining informed consent from research participants?
Which of the following is NOT a minimum requirement for obtaining informed consent from research participants?
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Sleep and Mental Illness
- Foster says that with severe mental illness, there has always been a disruption in sleep.
- Sleep disruption is linked to conditions like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
Memory
- The self-reference effect is the tendency to have better memory for information related to oneself.
- Short-term memory lasts about 20 seconds.
- George Miller's contribution to our understanding of short-term memory: he found that people can retain 7 ± 2 items in STM (short-term memory).
Areas of Psychology
- Biopsychology: explores how biology influences behavior, combining psychology and physiology.
- Evolutionary Psychology: studies the ultimate biological causes of behavior, focusing on genetics and evolutionary theory.
- Cognitive Psychology: studies thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions.
- Developmental Psychology: scientific study of development across the lifespan.
- Personality Psychology: studies patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.
- Social Psychology: studies how we interact and relate to others.
- Industrial Psychology (I-O): applies psychological theories, principles, and research to industrial and organizational settings.
- Health Psychology: studies how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
- Sport and Exercise Psychology: studies psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety.
- Clinical Psychology: diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.
- Forensic Psychology: deals with questions of psychology in the context of the justice system.
Research Ethics
- Institutional Review Boards (IRBs): committees that review proposals for research involving human participants to ensure the experiment does not result in harm.
- Informed Consent: includes written description of what to expect, risks and implications, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and parental consent for under 18s.
- Deception in Research: APA allows deception when justified by the study's value, no other means are feasible, and no harm is caused.
- Debriefing: complete honest information about the study's purpose, data use, and necessity of deception, with the option to withdraw data.
Cognitive Biases and Heuristics
- Representative Heuristic: describing a faulty way of thinking where someone unintentionally stereotypes.
- Availability Heuristic: making decisions based on readily available information.
- Anchoring Bias: focusing on one piece of information when making a decision.
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: involved in muscle action, memory, and increased arousal and enhanced cognition.
- Dopamine: involved in mood, sleep, and learning, increasing pleasure and suppressing appetite.
- GABA: involved in brain functioning and sleep, decreasing anxiety and tension.
- Serotonin: involved in mood and sleep, modulating mood and suppressing appetite.
Color Vision
- Trichromatic Theory: all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue.
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