Are You Prepared for Danger?
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Questions and Answers

Which paradigm emphasizes the rights of the victim and places all blame on the offender?

  • Conservative Law and Order Paradigm (correct)
  • Radical Victimology Paradigm
  • Critical Victimology Paradigm
  • None of the above

    • According to the text, in which paradigm are offenders also considered victims of society's crimes?

  • Conservative Law and Order Paradigm
  • Radical Victimology Paradigm
  • Critical Victimology Paradigm (correct)
  • None of the above

    • According to Viano, what is the fourth stage in being treated as a victim?

  • Person perceives suffering as unjust & undeserved
  • Person looks towards significant others for recognition of victimization (correct)
  • Person is injured or suffers at the hand of another person or institution
  • None of the above

    • According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

    <p>Section 12(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

    <p>The duty to protect Alix Carmichele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

    <p>To shift focus from the state to the importance of victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is NOT an element of self-control that increases vulnerability to victimization?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

    <p>Hitch hiking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the situational variable that can contribute to victimization?

    <p>Negligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which perspective explains victimization as a reflection of the economic and power structures of society?

    <p>Socio-Structural Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

    <p>The victim must have a change in routine activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is secondary victimisation?

    <p>The insensitive treatment of those who were supposed to protect and assist the victim.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 characteristics that increase the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

    <p>Target precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Just World Theory, what does it suggest about bad things happening to victims?

    <p>Bad things happen to bad people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

    <p>The victim unknowingly causes their own victimization as their personal characteristics threaten the offender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Situated Transaction Approach, which stage involves the recipient's assessment of the victim's actions as offensive?

    <p>Stage 2: Recipient's assessment of these actions as offensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

    <p>Domestic violence occurs because the family, as a closed system, maintains the violence and isolates themselves from the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what is one critique of the theory?

    <p>It negates the social, economic, and cultural reasons why women remain in abusive relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

    <p>Target Attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

    <p>Risk Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

    <p>Target Effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which paradigm views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

    <p>Critical Victimology Paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Viano, what is the first stage in being treated as a victim?

    <p>Person is injured or suffers at the hand of another person or institution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which paradigm emphasizes victim rights and places all blame on the offender?

    <p>Conservative Law and Order Paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill in the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another?

    <p>The duty to oppose bail for the offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

    <p>Section 12(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy, what is the aim of victim empowerment services?

    <p>To set standards for the provision of victim empowerment services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

    <p>Tolerance for frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimization is a reflection of which structures of society?

    <p>Economic and power structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Cultural Perspective (Feminist View), victimization is the outcome of what?

    <p>Current patriarchal make-up of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Physical Milieu Perspective, why are people victimised?

    <p>Because they live in dangerous areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, what is victim precipitation?

    <p>When the victim initiates an action that results in victimisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Situated Transaction Approach, what is the fourth stage in a violent interaction?

    <p>Physical injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

    <p>Imbalance in the exchange of goods or services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Exposure to potential offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

    <p>Suitable target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

    <p>Guardianship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

    <p>Risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Situational Variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

    <p>To provide support services to victims of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Capable Guardian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

    <p>Physical weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

    <p>Tolerance for frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

    <p>Walking alone at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

    <p>Submission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimisation is a reflection of what?

    <p>Power structures of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following paradigms views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

    <p>Critical Victimology Paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Viano, what is the second stage in being treated as a victim?

    <p>Injured person perceives suffering as unjust &amp; undeserved and regards him/herself as having been victimised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is NOT a stage in being treated as a victim?

    <p>Person seeks revenge against the offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, what is one element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Routine activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is one characteristic that increases the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

    <p>Target vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is one factor that influences the risk of being victimised according to the Differential Risk Model?

    <p>Target antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is one way in which victim precipitation can occur according to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective?

    <p>Passive precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

    <p>Because the family maintains the violence and isolates themselves from the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

    <p>Imbalance in the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what does repeat victimisation by a spouse decrease in a woman?

    <p>Motivation to respond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

    <p>To empower victims of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

    <p>Opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

    <p>Guardianship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

    <p>Guardianship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Constitution Section 12(1), what is the right of individuals in relation to violence?

    <p>The right to freedom from all forms of violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

    <p>The duty to protect Alix Carmichele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

    <p>To move focus from the state that emphasizes a guilty finding of the offender to the importance of victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

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