Are You Prepared for Danger?

Which paradigm emphasizes the rights of the victim and places all blame on the offender?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm (correct)

Radical Victimology Paradigm

Critical Victimology Paradigm

None of the above

According to the text, in which paradigm are offenders also considered victims of society's crimes?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm

Radical Victimology Paradigm

Critical Victimology Paradigm (correct)

None of the above

According to Viano, what is the fourth stage in being treated as a victim?

Person perceives suffering as unjust & undeserved

Person looks towards significant others for recognition of victimization (correct)

Person is injured or suffers at the hand of another person or institution

None of the above

According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

Section 12(1) Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

The duty to protect Alix Carmichele Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

To shift focus from the state to the importance of victims Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an element of self-control that increases vulnerability to victimization?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

Hitch hiking Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the situational variable that can contribute to victimization?

Negligence Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which perspective explains victimization as a reflection of the economic and power structures of society?

Socio-Structural Perspective Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

The victim must have a change in routine activities. Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is secondary victimisation?

The insensitive treatment of those who were supposed to protect and assist the victim. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 characteristics that increase the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

Target precipitation Signup and view all the answers

According to the Just World Theory, what does it suggest about bad things happening to victims?

Bad things happen to bad people. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

The victim unknowingly causes their own victimization as their personal characteristics threaten the offender. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Situated Transaction Approach, which stage involves the recipient's assessment of the victim's actions as offensive?

Stage 2: Recipient's assessment of these actions as offensive Signup and view all the answers

According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

Domestic violence occurs because the family, as a closed system, maintains the violence and isolates themselves from the outside world. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what is one critique of the theory?

It negates the social, economic, and cultural reasons why women remain in abusive relationships. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Exposure Signup and view all the answers

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

Target Attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

Risk Factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

Target Effort Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which paradigm views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

Critical Victimology Paradigm Signup and view all the answers

According to Viano, what is the first stage in being treated as a victim?

Person is injured or suffers at the hand of another person or institution Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which paradigm emphasizes victim rights and places all blame on the offender?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill in the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another?

The duty to oppose bail for the offender Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

Section 12(1) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy, what is the aim of victim empowerment services?

To set standards for the provision of victim empowerment services Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

Tolerance for frustration Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimization is a reflection of which structures of society?

Economic and power structures Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Cultural Perspective (Feminist View), victimization is the outcome of what?

Current patriarchal make-up of society Signup and view all the answers

According to the Physical Milieu Perspective, why are people victimised?

Because they live in dangerous areas Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, what is victim precipitation?

When the victim initiates an action that results in victimisation Signup and view all the answers

According to the Situated Transaction Approach, what is the fourth stage in a violent interaction?

Physical injury or death Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

Imbalance in the exchange of goods or services Signup and view all the answers

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Exposure to potential offenders Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

Suitable target Signup and view all the answers

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

Guardianship Signup and view all the answers

According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

Risk factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Situational Variables Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

To provide support services to victims of crime Signup and view all the answers

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Capable Guardian Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

Physical weakness Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

Tolerance for frustration Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

Walking alone at night Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

Submission Signup and view all the answers

According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimisation is a reflection of what?

Power structures of society Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following paradigms views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

Critical Victimology Paradigm Signup and view all the answers

According to Viano, what is the second stage in being treated as a victim?

Injured person perceives suffering as unjust & undeserved and regards him/herself as having been victimised Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a stage in being treated as a victim?

Person seeks revenge against the offender Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, what is one element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Routine activities Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is one characteristic that increases the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

Target vulnerability Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is one factor that influences the risk of being victimised according to the Differential Risk Model?

Target antagonism Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is one way in which victim precipitation can occur according to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective?

Passive precipitation Signup and view all the answers

According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

Because the family maintains the violence and isolates themselves from the outside world Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

Imbalance in the interaction Signup and view all the answers

According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what does repeat victimisation by a spouse decrease in a woman?

Motivation to respond Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

To empower victims of crime Signup and view all the answers

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Exposure Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

Opportunity Signup and view all the answers

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

Guardianship Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

Guardianship Signup and view all the answers

According to the Constitution Section 12(1), what is the right of individuals in relation to violence?

The right to freedom from all forms of violence Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

The duty to protect Alix Carmichele Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

To move focus from the state that emphasizes a guilty finding of the offender to the importance of victims Signup and view all the answers

Are You Prepared for Danger?

Questions and Answers

Which paradigm emphasizes the rights of the victim and places all blame on the offender?

According to the text, in which paradigm are offenders also considered victims of society's crimes?

According to Viano, what is the fourth stage in being treated as a victim?

According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an element of self-control that increases vulnerability to victimization?

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

According to the text, what is the situational variable that can contribute to victimization?

According to the text, which perspective explains victimization as a reflection of the economic and power structures of society?

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

According to the text, what is secondary victimisation?

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 characteristics that increase the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

According to the Just World Theory, what does it suggest about bad things happening to victims?

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

According to the Situated Transaction Approach, which stage involves the recipient's assessment of the victim's actions as offensive?

According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what is one critique of the theory?

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

According to the text, which paradigm views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

According to Viano, what is the first stage in being treated as a victim?

According to the text, which paradigm emphasizes victim rights and places all blame on the offender?

According to the text, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill in the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another?

According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

According to the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy, what is the aim of victim empowerment services?

According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimization is a reflection of which structures of society?

According to the Socio-Cultural Perspective (Feminist View), victimization is the outcome of what?

According to the Physical Milieu Perspective, why are people victimised?

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, what is victim precipitation?

According to the Situated Transaction Approach, what is the fourth stage in a violent interaction?

According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is a prerequisite for victimisation to take place?

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following factors influences the risk of being victimised?

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective, victim precipitation can occur in two ways. Which of the following is an example of passive precipitation?

According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements of self-control increases vulnerability to victimization?

According to the text, which of the following is an example of a high-risk activity that increases the chance of victimization?

According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, which of the following reactions is a possible response to a control deficit?

According to the Socio-Structural Perspective, victimisation is a reflection of what?

According to the text, which of the following paradigms views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

According to Viano, what is the second stage in being treated as a victim?

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a stage in being treated as a victim?

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, what is one element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the text, what is one characteristic that increases the potential for repeat victimisation according to Finkelhor & Asigian?

According to the text, what is one factor that influences the risk of being victimised according to the Differential Risk Model?

According to the text, what is one way in which victim precipitation can occur according to the Socio-Interactionist Perspective?

According to the General Systems Theory, why does domestic violence occur within a family?

According to the Social Exchange Perspective, what may result in victimisation?

According to the Learned Helplessness Theory, what does repeat victimisation by a spouse decrease in a woman?

According to the text, what is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is NOT an element that increases the risk for victimisation to occur?

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimisation?

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the probability of victimisation according to the Opportunity Model?

According to the Constitution Section 12(1), what is the right of individuals in relation to violence?

In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, what legal duty did the police and prosecution fail to fulfill?

What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

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