Arduino Uno Gr 9 class test term 3 14_08_2024

Introduction to the Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip, popular for beginners and advanced users.
• Technical specifications include:
  • Operating Voltage: 5V
  • Recommended Input Voltage: 7-12V, with limits from 6-20V
  • 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 with PWM output), 6 Analog Input Pins, and 20 mA DC current per I/O pin.
  • Memory: 32 KB Flash (0.5 KB used by bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM.
  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz, enabling efficient processing.

Hardware Overview

• Power Pins:
  • 5V and 3.3V for positive connections.
  • GND for grounding the circuit.
  • PWR IN for battery power and USB for computer connection.
  • RESET for restarting programs.
• Digital I/O Pins operate on a binary state (LOW=0V, HIGH=5V).
  • Configurable modes: INPUT for reading data, OUTPUT for sending data.
• Analog Input Pins can read varying voltage levels, converting them to digital values.

Breadboard and Components

• A breadboard is a solderless platform for assembling electronic circuits with microcontrollers.
• DRV8833 is a dual H-bridge motor driver that controls speed and direction of two DC motors.
• IR Sensor has power and signal LEDs indicating functionality.

Software Overview

• Arduino IDE is used for programming; the language is based on C++.
• Key programming methods include:
  • void setup(): Used for initializing pin modes.
  • void loop(): Contains code that runs repeatedly, including digital writing, reading, and serial communication methods.

Coding Concepts

• Functions give instructions to the Arduino board:
  • pinMode(pin, mode): Configures pin as INPUT or OUTPUT.
  • digitalRead(pin): Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin.
  • digitalWrite(pin, value): Sets a pin HIGH or LOW.
  • analogRead(sensorPin): Reads the analog value and saves it to a variable.
• Importance of comments for code clarity and readability.

Input vs. Output

• Input devices include sensors that provide signals to the board (e.g., buttons, temperature sensors).
• Output devices include components that receive signals from the board (e.g., LEDs, motors).

Variables and Programming Principles

• Variables are containers for storing information, requiring names and data types.
• Syntax is crucial; pay attention to punctuation and case sensitivity.

Serial Communication Concepts

• Serial.begin(baud): Initiates serial communication at specified baud rate.
• Serial.print(val): Outputs data to the serial port without new line.
• Serial.println(val): Outputs data followed by a new line.
• Serial.write(): Transmits binary data to the serial port.

Introduction to the Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip, popular for beginners and advanced users.
• Technical specifications include:
  • Operating Voltage: 5V
  • Recommended Input Voltage: 7-12V, with limits from 6-20V
  • 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 with PWM output), 6 Analog Input Pins, and 20 mA DC current per I/O pin.
  • Memory: 32 KB Flash (0.5 KB used by bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM.
  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz, enabling efficient processing.

Hardware Overview

• Power Pins:
  • 5V and 3.3V for positive connections.
  • GND for grounding the circuit.
  • PWR IN for battery power and USB for computer connection.
  • RESET for restarting programs.
• Digital I/O Pins operate on a binary state (LOW=0V, HIGH=5V).
  • Configurable modes: INPUT for reading data, OUTPUT for sending data.
• Analog Input Pins can read varying voltage levels, converting them to digital values.

Breadboard and Components

• A breadboard is a solderless platform for assembling electronic circuits with microcontrollers.
• DRV8833 is a dual H-bridge motor driver that controls speed and direction of two DC motors.
• IR Sensor has power and signal LEDs indicating functionality.

Software Overview

• Arduino IDE is used for programming; the language is based on C++.
• Key programming methods include:
  • void setup(): Used for initializing pin modes.
  • void loop(): Contains code that runs repeatedly, including digital writing, reading, and serial communication methods.

Coding Concepts

• Functions give instructions to the Arduino board:
  • pinMode(pin, mode): Configures pin as INPUT or OUTPUT.
  • digitalRead(pin): Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin.
  • digitalWrite(pin, value): Sets a pin HIGH or LOW.
  • analogRead(sensorPin): Reads the analog value and saves it to a variable.
• Importance of comments for code clarity and readability.

Input vs. Output

• Input devices include sensors that provide signals to the board (e.g., buttons, temperature sensors).
• Output devices include components that receive signals from the board (e.g., LEDs, motors).

Variables and Programming Principles

• Variables are containers for storing information, requiring names and data types.
• Syntax is crucial; pay attention to punctuation and case sensitivity.

Serial Communication Concepts

• Serial.begin(baud): Initiates serial communication at specified baud rate.
• Serial.print(val): Outputs data to the serial port without new line.
• Serial.println(val): Outputs data followed by a new line.
• Serial.write(): Transmits binary data to the serial port.

Introduction to the Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip, popular for beginners and advanced users.
• Technical specifications include:
  • Operating Voltage: 5V
  • Recommended Input Voltage: 7-12V, with limits from 6-20V
  • 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 with PWM output), 6 Analog Input Pins, and 20 mA DC current per I/O pin.
  • Memory: 32 KB Flash (0.5 KB used by bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM.
  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz, enabling efficient processing.

Hardware Overview

• Power Pins:
  • 5V and 3.3V for positive connections.
  • GND for grounding the circuit.
  • PWR IN for battery power and USB for computer connection.
  • RESET for restarting programs.
• Digital I/O Pins operate on a binary state (LOW=0V, HIGH=5V).
  • Configurable modes: INPUT for reading data, OUTPUT for sending data.
• Analog Input Pins can read varying voltage levels, converting them to digital values.

Breadboard and Components

• A breadboard is a solderless platform for assembling electronic circuits with microcontrollers.
• DRV8833 is a dual H-bridge motor driver that controls speed and direction of two DC motors.
• IR Sensor has power and signal LEDs indicating functionality.

Software Overview

• Arduino IDE is used for programming; the language is based on C++.
• Key programming methods include:
  • void setup(): Used for initializing pin modes.
  • void loop(): Contains code that runs repeatedly, including digital writing, reading, and serial communication methods.

Coding Concepts

• Functions give instructions to the Arduino board:
  • pinMode(pin, mode): Configures pin as INPUT or OUTPUT.
  • digitalRead(pin): Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin.
  • digitalWrite(pin, value): Sets a pin HIGH or LOW.
  • analogRead(sensorPin): Reads the analog value and saves it to a variable.
• Importance of comments for code clarity and readability.

Input vs. Output

• Input devices include sensors that provide signals to the board (e.g., buttons, temperature sensors).
• Output devices include components that receive signals from the board (e.g., LEDs, motors).

Variables and Programming Principles

• Variables are containers for storing information, requiring names and data types.
• Syntax is crucial; pay attention to punctuation and case sensitivity.

Serial Communication Concepts

• Serial.begin(baud): Initiates serial communication at specified baud rate.
• Serial.print(val): Outputs data to the serial port without new line.
• Serial.println(val): Outputs data followed by a new line.
• Serial.write(): Transmits binary data to the serial port.

Introduction to the Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip, popular for beginners and advanced users.
• Technical specifications include:
  • Operating Voltage: 5V
  • Recommended Input Voltage: 7-12V, with limits from 6-20V
  • 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 with PWM output), 6 Analog Input Pins, and 20 mA DC current per I/O pin.
  • Memory: 32 KB Flash (0.5 KB used by bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM.
  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz, enabling efficient processing.

Hardware Overview

• Power Pins:
  • 5V and 3.3V for positive connections.
  • GND for grounding the circuit.
  • PWR IN for battery power and USB for computer connection.
  • RESET for restarting programs.
• Digital I/O Pins operate on a binary state (LOW=0V, HIGH=5V).
  • Configurable modes: INPUT for reading data, OUTPUT for sending data.
• Analog Input Pins can read varying voltage levels, converting them to digital values.

Breadboard and Components

• A breadboard is a solderless platform for assembling electronic circuits with microcontrollers.
• DRV8833 is a dual H-bridge motor driver that controls speed and direction of two DC motors.
• IR Sensor has power and signal LEDs indicating functionality.

Software Overview

• Arduino IDE is used for programming; the language is based on C++.
• Key programming methods include:
  • void setup(): Used for initializing pin modes.
  • void loop(): Contains code that runs repeatedly, including digital writing, reading, and serial communication methods.

Coding Concepts

• Functions give instructions to the Arduino board:
  • pinMode(pin, mode): Configures pin as INPUT or OUTPUT.
  • digitalRead(pin): Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin.
  • digitalWrite(pin, value): Sets a pin HIGH or LOW.
  • analogRead(sensorPin): Reads the analog value and saves it to a variable.
• Importance of comments for code clarity and readability.

Input vs. Output

• Input devices include sensors that provide signals to the board (e.g., buttons, temperature sensors).
• Output devices include components that receive signals from the board (e.g., LEDs, motors).

Variables and Programming Principles

• Variables are containers for storing information, requiring names and data types.
• Syntax is crucial; pay attention to punctuation and case sensitivity.

Serial Communication Concepts

• Serial.begin(baud): Initiates serial communication at specified baud rate.
• Serial.print(val): Outputs data to the serial port without new line.
• Serial.println(val): Outputs data followed by a new line.
• Serial.write(): Transmits binary data to the serial port.

Introduction to Arduino Uno

• Arduino Uno: A microcontroller board based on ATmega328P chip, favored by both beginners and advanced users for its versatility.
• Technical Specifications:
  • Operating Voltage: 5V
  • Input Voltage: Recommended 7-12V, limits range from 6-20V
  • Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 with PWM output)
  • Analog Input Pins: 6 (A0 to A5)
  • DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
  • Flash Memory: 32 KB (0.5 KB used by bootloader)
  • SRAM: 2 KB
  • EEPROM: 1 KB
  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz

Power and Pin Configuration

• Power Pins:
  • 5V and 3.3V for positive connections.
  • GND for ground connections.
  • PWR IN for external power input.
• Reset: Restarts the loaded program.
• PWM Pins: 6 dedicated pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11) for controlling power delivery, commonly used for LED brightness and motor speed.
• Digital I/O: Capable of reading data as LOW (0V) or HIGH (5V), configurable as INPUT or OUTPUT.
• Analog Input: Reads varying voltage levels, processed into digital values via an Analog Digital Converter (ADC).

Breadboard and Components

• Breadboard: Solderless base used for electronic circuit development with Arduino.
• DRV8833 Motor Driver: Allows speed and direction control for two DC motors simultaneously.
• IR Sensor: Equipped with LEDs indicating power and signal status; adjustable via a potentiometer.

Arduino IDE and Coding Concepts

• Arduino IDE: Integrated development environment where programming occurs primarily in C++.
• Functions Overview:
  • void setup(): Configures pins (input/output) with pinMode().
  • void loop(): Executes repeated instructions with functions like digitalWrite(), digitalRead(), and analogRead().
  • If statements: Enable decision-making based on environmental input.
  • Serial Communication: Communicates with computers and devices for data exchange.

Code Examples and Variables

• Digital I/O Code:
  • pinMode(pin, mode): Sets a pin's mode.
  • digitalRead(pin): Reads pin state (HIGH/LOW).
  • digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes HIGH or LOW to a pin.
• Analog Input Code:
  • variable = analogRead(sensorPin): Reads and stores analog sensor value.
• Variables: Store information; must have a unique name, type, and assigned value (e.g., int IN1 = 2).

Serial Communication

• Serial.begin(baud): Initializes serial communication rate (e.g., Serial.begin(115200)).
• Serial.print(): Outputs data without newline.
• Serial.println(): Outputs data with carriage return and newline.
• Serial.write(): Transmits binary data to the serial port.

Programming Principles

• Accurate syntax is crucial; semicolons, brackets, and letter casing matter.
• Comments: Essential for code readability and understanding; use // for single-line comments.