Arduino Exercises ENR107

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Questions and Answers

What are the input voltage ranges for Arduino?

0 to 5 volts

What does the A/D converter do?

  • Converts analog input into a binary number (correct)
  • Communicates with the computer
  • Generates PWM signals
  • None of the above

The Arduino UNO is based on the ______ microcontroller.

ATmega328P

The sampling rate of the analog to digital converter in Arduino is 9600 samples/second.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum theoretical frequency of the input analog signal in Arduino based on its sampling rate?

<p>4825 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for calculating the average value of a PWM signal is _____ when the duty cycle is 5.

<p>5 × Tw / T</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values returned by the analogRead function?

<p>0 to 1023</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color code is used for ground in Arduino circuits?

<p>Green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The PWM duty cycle is 0% for binary 11111111.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is used to read the value from a specified digital pin?

<p>digitalRead</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following voltage levels with their corresponding binary values.

<p>0 volts = 0000000000 5 volts = 1111111111 2.5 volts = 0101000000 1 volt = 0000000010</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Arduino board used for?

<p>To develop software and interface with sensors and devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Arduino Overview

  • Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
  • It features analog input pins (6) ranging from 0 to 5 volts and digital pins (14) for binary input/output (0 or 5 volts).
  • The board supports PWM output across 6 pins, enabling varying pulse widths.

Software Development

  • Software is developed on a general-purpose computer and uploaded to the Arduino control board.
  • After uploading, the board can function independently for various applications.

Analog to Digital Conversion

  • An A/D converter in Arduino transforms analog input into a 10-bit binary number.
  • Voltage levels are mapped as follows: 0 volts = binary 0000000000 and decimal 0; 5 volts = binary 1111111111 and decimal 1023.

Sampling Rate

  • The sampling rate for the ADC on Arduino is 9650 samples per second (Baud Rate).
  • The maximum frequency of input analog signals is half the sampling rate, with other rates achievable through advanced programming.

PWM Waveform and Duty Cycle

  • Duty cycle determines the proportion of time a PWM signal is high (on) versus low (off).
  • Duty cycle percentages: 0% for binary 00000000 (Decimal 0) and 100% for binary 11111111 (Decimal 255).
  • Average value of PWM can be calculated using the formula: Average Value = (5 × Tw) / T, where Tw is the time the signal is high.

Program Structure

  • Standard program structure includes declarations, functions, and commands to execute specific tasks.
  • Digital Reading: digitalRead(pin) allows reading values from specified digital pins.

Class Exercise Example

  • Example exercise involves writing a program to sense a slide switch connected to +5. If active, an LED connected to pin 12 flashes periodically; otherwise, it remains off.

Circuit Layout and Color Codes

  • Use bus lines for supply voltages; ensure a neat layout with horizontal or vertical connecting lines.
  • Color code standards:
    • Positive supply voltage 1: RED
    • Ground: GREEN
    • Positive supply voltage 2: PINK
    • Negative supply voltage: BLACK
    • Input lines: BLUE
    • Output lines: PURPLE

Tinkercad Simulator

  • Tinkercad provides a platform for simulating Arduino projects and behaviors.

Serial Communication

  • Utilize analogRead(potPin) to measure voltage from a potentiometer, with returned values between 0 and 1023.
  • Establish serial communication using Serial.begin(9600) and output the ADC result through Serial.println() functions.

Digital/Analog Conversion Calculations

  • Conversion formula: Analog Value = (5 × Digital Value) / 1023.
  • Output voltage correlates with digital values ranging from 0 to 1023, producing corresponding analog values.

Additional Exercises

  • Exercise 4.2 involves reading a variable voltage output from a potentiometer connected to one analog pin on Arduino, with the digital value changing between 0 and 1023 as the voltage varies from 0 to 5 volts.

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