Arduino Exercises ENR107

Study Notes

Arduino Overview

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
It features analog input pins (6) ranging from 0 to 5 volts and digital pins (14) for binary input/output (0 or 5 volts).
The board supports PWM output across 6 pins, enabling varying pulse widths.

Software Development

Software is developed on a general-purpose computer and uploaded to the Arduino control board.
After uploading, the board can function independently for various applications.

Analog to Digital Conversion

An A/D converter in Arduino transforms analog input into a 10-bit binary number.
Voltage levels are mapped as follows: 0 volts = binary 0000000000 and decimal 0; 5 volts = binary 1111111111 and decimal 1023.

Sampling Rate

The sampling rate for the ADC on Arduino is 9650 samples per second (Baud Rate).
The maximum frequency of input analog signals is half the sampling rate, with other rates achievable through advanced programming.

PWM Waveform and Duty Cycle

Duty cycle determines the proportion of time a PWM signal is high (on) versus low (off).
Duty cycle percentages: 0% for binary 00000000 (Decimal 0) and 100% for binary 11111111 (Decimal 255).
Average value of PWM can be calculated using the formula: Average Value = (5 × Tw) / T, where Tw is the time the signal is high.

Program Structure

Standard program structure includes declarations, functions, and commands to execute specific tasks.
Digital Reading: digitalRead(pin) allows reading values from specified digital pins.

Class Exercise Example

Example exercise involves writing a program to sense a slide switch connected to +5. If active, an LED connected to pin 12 flashes periodically; otherwise, it remains off.

Circuit Layout and Color Codes

Use bus lines for supply voltages; ensure a neat layout with horizontal or vertical connecting lines.
Color code standards:
- Positive supply voltage 1: RED
- Ground: GREEN
- Positive supply voltage 2: PINK
- Negative supply voltage: BLACK
- Input lines: BLUE
- Output lines: PURPLE

Tinkercad Simulator

Tinkercad provides a platform for simulating Arduino projects and behaviors.

Serial Communication

Utilize analogRead(potPin) to measure voltage from a potentiometer, with returned values between 0 and 1023.
Establish serial communication using Serial.begin(9600) and output the ADC result through Serial.println() functions.

Digital/Analog Conversion Calculations

Conversion formula: Analog Value = (5 × Digital Value) / 1023.
Output voltage correlates with digital values ranging from 0 to 1023, producing corresponding analog values.

Additional Exercises

Exercise 4.2 involves reading a variable voltage output from a potentiometer connected to one analog pin on Arduino, with the digital value changing between 0 and 1023 as the voltage varies from 0 to 5 volts.

Description

This quiz focuses on various Arduino exercises outlined in the ENR107 course. It involves understanding the block diagram components, analog and digital inputs and outputs, and software development for Arduino applications. Test your knowledge of hardware integration and programming skills relevant to Arduino projects.