Architectural Construction

• Architecture involves designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures
• The purpose is to satisfy both individual and communal needs

Kinds of Architectural Construction

• Primitive people initially lived in caves due to a lack of construction tools and knowledge
• They later began building tree houses as they developed implements
• Structures have improved over time, aided by the Industrial Revolution and new materials like steel
• Architects ensure basic architectural construction is part of modern buildings
• Basic types include post and lintel, cantilever, arch, truss, vault, and dome

Post and Lintel

• Post and lintel construction consists of a horizontal beam (lintel) supported by two vertical posts
• It is commonly used in doorways and entrances
• Stonehenge serves as an example

Cantilever

• Similar to post and lintel, cantilever construction uses two vertical posts to support a horizontal beam
• In cantilever, one end extends further than the other
• Steel is frequently used due to its tensile strength
• Wood is less common due to warping, sagging, and rotting

Arch

• Arches are made of wedge-shaped stones called voussoirs
• Voussoirs are held together by a keystone
• Arches support roofs and act as symbolic gateways
• Roman architecture commonly features arches; the Arch of Triumph in Paris exemplifies this

Vault

• Vaults are arched structures of masonry typically used for roofs or ceilings
• Similar to domes, they extend the arch principle to cover large areas
• Types of vaults include barrel, groined, cross, Welsh, and cloister vaults

Dome

• Domes are large hemispherical roofs that resemble inverted cups
• Domes extend the principle of the arch, enclosing a wide area
• An example is "The Dome of the Rock" in Jerusalem.

Truss

• Trusses consist of a braced framework of beams or bars forming triangles
• Trusses are used to support roofs

Mediums Used in Architecture

• Mediums are classified as light or heavy materials

Light Materials

• Light materials include paper, nipa, bamboo, and light wood
• Except for paper, these are used in nipa huts in tropical regions
• Advantages include good ventilation
• Disadvantages include vulnerability to fire and natural elements
• Houses made of light materials are often considered fire hazards

Heavy Materials

• Heavy materials are now preferred due to fire resistance and durability against natural forces
• Heavy materials include hardwood, stone, concrete, brick, steel, and cast iron
• These materials are used in high-rise buildings like condominiums

History of Architecture

• Prehistoric Period: Stone Age people initially lived in caves
• After creating tools like adzes, they built tree houses using indigenous materials

Egyptian Architecture

• The Egyptians are notable for their enormous architectural works
• Pyramids were built to entomb pharaohs
• Pyramids are more complex than earlier mastabas (chambers for the dead)

Other Ancient Civilizations

• The Babylonians constructed the Hanging Garden of Babylon and the Tower of Babel (a ziggurat)

Great Sphinx of Giza

• The Great Sphinx of Giza is the oldest known monumental sculpture
• Ancient Egyptians likely built it during the reign of Pharaoh Khafra

Temple of Ramesses II

• The twin temples were originally carved into a mountainside by Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC
• They served as a monument to himself and his queen Nefertari and commemorated his victory at the Battle of Kadesh
• The complex was relocated in 1968 onto an artificial hill above the Aswan High Dam reservoir

Valley of the Kings

• The Valley of the Kings is a valley in Egypt used for tombs for pharaohs from the 16th to 11th century BC (New Kingdom)

Ancient Mesopotamian Architecture

• Mesopotamian architecture spanned from the 10th to the 6th millennium BC
• Accomplishments include urban planning, courtyard houses, and ziggurats

Greek Period

• The Parthenon exemplifies a Greek temple of this period, adorned with relief sculpture by Phidias
• It exemplifies the post-and-lintel system
• Other buildings include the Temple of Diana, Erechtheum, and the Temple of Winged Victory
• Architectural orders include Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

Parthenon

• The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece dedicated to Athena
• Construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC
• Decoration continued until 432 BC
• It is the most important surviving building from Classical Greece and the zenith of the Doric order

Roman Period

• The Romans made major contributions to Western architecture
• They adopted the three classical Greek orders
• The Romans added the Tuscan order and the composite order
• Romans combined orders in one building, introducing the dome
• The Colosseum exemplifies Roman architecture
• The Romans also built the Arch of Triumph, Baths of Caracalla, Pantheon, and Roman aqueducts

Colosseum

• The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) is an elliptical amphitheater in Rome
• Made of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheater in the Roman Empire
• It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering

Medieval Period

• Architecture of the Middle Ages is divided into Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles
• Early Christian architecture is typified by the old Basilica of St. Peter (326 A.D.)
• It was dedicated by Emperor Constantine as the first Christian church
• Byzantine architecture is exemplified by the 6th-century Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
• It was designed to conform to the Greek cross
• The Romanesque church, the Romanesque church has a massive horizontal emphasis, an east-west orientation, and a cruciform shape
• The Gothic cathedral has a vertical emphasis with high, pointed spires
• Chartres Cathedral in France and San Sebastian Church in the Philippines are examples
• Surviving medieval secular architecture includes castles and fortified walls like the Walls of Intramuros

Renaissance Period

• Renaissance architecture involved constructing aristocratic residences called palazzos
• Examples are the Medici-Riccardi Palace and Rucellai Palace in Florence
• Churches include the Florence cathedral dome designed by Brunelleschi and the St. Peter's Basilica dome in Rome designed by Michelangelo

Baroque Period

• Baroque architecture is exemplified by the Church of San Carlo allele Quatro Fontane, designed by Francesco Borromini
• Baroque architecture is characterized by highly ornamented facades, giant and twisted columns, and broken pediments

Modern Period

• The Bauhaus school, founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany in 1919, developed the International Style of architecture and design
• Central to Bauhaus teaching was Louis Sullivan's principle ("form follows function") and William Morris' belief (utility and aesthetics could be integrated)
• Frank Lloyd Wright influenced the International Style but developed his own style
• Most skyscrapers from the 20th and early 21st centuries utilize applications of the modern style
• The Walt Disney Concert Hall, features an acoustically superior auditorium paneled in hardwood
• The Disney family contributed more than $100 million to the project
• Bosjes Chapel by Steyn Studio floats at the foot of Waaihoek Mountain
• The chapel emulates both the Cape Dutch gables and the surrounding mountainous landscape

Local Architects

• Carlos D. Arguelles: Designed the Philamlife Building and Development Bank of the Philippines and Philippine National Bank on Escolta
• Armando Dominador N. Alli: An architect and planner who prepares comprehensive land use, development master, site master, transportation system/facility, and architectural designs
• Pablo S. Antonio: A National Artist, designed the Ideal Theater, Life Theater, Manila Polo Club, and Far Eastern University Campus
• Cesar H. Concio: Designed the Redemptorist Church in Baclaran and UP Protestant Chapel
• Juan M. De Guzman Arellano. Greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture and best known for Manila's Metropolitan Theater. He also designed the Manila Post Office Building, the Jones Bridge, and the Executive House
• Gregorio Gutierrez: Gutierrez designed the Sta. Cruz Church.
• Leandro Locsin: A National Artist known for the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Church of the Holy Sacrifice, St. Andrew's Church, Antipolo Church, and Philippine International Convention Center
• Lira Luis: The first Filipino architect with a Master of Architecture degree from the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, a global LEED architect, and a best-selling author
• Nestor S. Mangio: An environmental planner, real estate developer, lecturer, and convener in urban/environmental design
• Francisco Manosa: Known for the Coconut Palace in Tagaytay and an advocate of indigenous Filipino architecture
• Jose Manosa: Known for the San Miguel Corporation Building, he believes architectural services should be accessible
• Tomas Mapua: A founder of the Mapua Institute of Technology, supervised designing the Philippine General Hospital and Training School Building
• Juan F. Nakpil: Designed the 1937 International Eucharistic Congress, rebuilt Quiapo Church, and reconstructed Dr. Jose Rizal's house, and also designed major works such as the Geronimo de los Reyes Building, Magsaysay Building, Rizal Theater, and the Philippine Village Hotel
• Fernando Ocampo: Ocampo designed the Manila Cathedral, Antipolo Cathedral, and UST Chapel
• Genaro O. Palacio: Palacio designed the San Sebastian Church
• Ildefonso P. Santos Jr.: Known as the "Father of Landscape Architecture" and designed many parks and urban spaces, including the Loyola Memorial Park, Paco Park, and Rizal Park
• Carlos A. Santos-Viola: A "kapilya" designer who worked with Juan Nakpil & Associate, designing chapels for the Iglesia ni Cristo, including the Cubao chapel
• Antonio Toledo: Toledo designed the Legislative Building, Manila City Hall, and Agriculture and Finance Building