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Questions and Answers
What was the year of discovery of Archaebacteria?
What is the main characteristic of Archaebacteria that allows them to thrive in the absence of oxygen?
What is the composition of the cell membrane of Archaebacteria?
What is the function of the cell wall of Archaebacteria?
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What is the component of the cell wall of Archaebacteria that prevents them from the effects of Lysozyme?
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What is the characteristic of Archaebacteria that allows them to survive in extreme environments?
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What is the reason why Archaebacteria are indifferent towards major antibiotics?
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What is the minimum pressure that Archaebacteria can withstand?
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What is the mode of reproduction in Archaebacteria?
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What is unique about Archaebacteria's gene transcription?
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What is the basis for the divergence of Archaebacteria from prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is the characteristic of Archaebacteria that allows them to survive in harsh conditions?
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Which phylum of Archaebacteria includes methanogens and halophiles?
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What is the name of the thermo-acidophile that can survive in temperatures up to 113 °C (235 °F)?
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What is the name of the acidophile that can survive in pH 0?
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What is the name of the phylum that includes ammonia-oxidizing archaea?
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Study Notes
Archaebacteria Characteristics
- Oldest living organisms on Earth, belonging to the kingdom Archaea
- Found in harsh conditions such as volcanic vents, sea vents, hot springs, and boiling mud around volcanoes
- Obligate or facultative anaerobes, flourishing in the absence of oxygen, enabling methanogenesis
- Cell membranes composed of lipids
- Rigid cell wall provides shape and support, protecting the cell from bursting under hypotonic conditions
- Cell wall composed of Pseudomurein, preventing effects of Lysozyme
- Lack membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, or chloroplasts
- Thick cytoplasm contains compounds required for nutrition and metabolism
Extremophile Characteristics
- Can live in a variety of environments, including acidic and alkaline aquatic regions, and temperatures above boiling point
- Can withstand high pressure of more than 200 atmospheres
- Indifferent towards major antibiotics due to plasmids with antibiotic resistance enzymes
- Mode of reproduction is asexual, known as binary fission
- Perform unique gene transcription
- Differences in ribosomal RNA suggest divergence from prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Archaebacteria Groups
- Classified into 5 phyla under the kingdom Archaea:
- Phylum Euryarchaeota: methanogens and halophiles
- Phylum Crenarchaeota: thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, and thermoacidophiles
- Phylum Korarchaeota: hyperthermophiles in high-temperature hydrothermal environments
- Phylum Thaumarchaeota: ammonia-oxidizing archaea and those with unknown energy metabolism
- Phylum Nanoarchaeota: single representative member, Nanoarchaeum equitans, an obligate symbiont of other archaea
Examples of Archaebacteria
- Thermophiles: Pyrolobus fumarii, holding the upper temperature limit for life at 113 °C (235 °F)
- Acidophiles: Picrophilus species, most acid-tolerant organisms known, capable of growth at around pH 0
- Methanogens: species of Methanococcus, Methanobacteria, Methanosarcina, Methanosprillum, producing methane
- Thermo-acidophiles: species of Sulfolobus and Thermoplasma
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Description
Explore the unique features of Archaebacteria, from their habitats to their cell structure and metabolic processes.
