Archaeal Diversity: Nanoarcheaota and Euryarchaeota

Which of the following is a characteristic of Nanoarcheum equitans?

Euryarchaeota include methanogens, thermophiles, and extreme halophiles.

What is the unique characteristic of Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma regarding their cell structure?

The archaeon Pyrolobus fumari holds the current record for life's temperature limit, growing at ______ °C.

Which of the following describes the metabolic strategy of Nitrosopumilus maritimus?

Large-insert libraries are created for sequencing small fragments of DNA.

What is 'genome walking'?

16S rRNA surveys in the 1990s found abundant archaeal sequences leading to the discovery of ______.

Which of the following genomic features was identified from fosmids, providing evidence for ammonia oxidation in Crenarchaeota?

Archaeal diversity is restricted to extreme environments and is not found in planktonic marine habitats.

What is the primary function of a large-insert library in genomics?

In the context of molecular biology, the term 'contigs' refers to individual genes within a genome.

What is a key ecological advantage that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) have over ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in marine environments?

Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes Archaea's membrane lipids from those of Bacteria and Eukarya?

Match each domain of life with its defining feature.

The concept of the 'progenote' suggests that early cellular evolution involved ______ sharing of genetic material.

Which of the following is a feature of the Asgard archaea that suggests a close relationship with Eukaryotes?

Lateral gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer are different terms that mean different things.

What key evolutionary event is hypothesized to have occurred around 3.5 billion years ago, marking a change in the mode of inheritance?

According to the two-domain system of classification, eukaryotes arose from a merger of Archaea and ______ .

Which of the following describes the membrane lipid composition unique to Archaea?

Most currently known extremophiles are from the Bacteria domain.

What is the role of the amoA gene in ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)?

The archaeon Cenarchaeum symbiosum lives as an extracellular ______ of the sponge Axinella mexicana.

What is FISH used for, in the context of this content?

The membranes of monoderms have an outer membrane.

What does ESP stand for, in context of Asgard archaea?

The fact that archaea have ______ is why scientists think eukaryotes may have arose from them.

Which of the following are reasons that scientists are discovering previously uncultivated Crenarchaeota?

The crenarchaeota have low diversity.

What is a key characteristic of Sulfolobus solfataricus?

The archaeon, Pyrolobus fumari, lives in the walls of ______.

Which of the following is the first revolution in bacterial genome sequencing?

Pac Bio SMRT sequencing has highly accurate, short read lengths.

Provide an example of a sequencing technology that utilizes single-molecule templates.

The third revolution is a process using a technique called ______-molecule sequencing.

In the context of Asgard archaea and the origins of eukaryotes, what do scientists mean by: 'Key time points in eukaryogenesis are represented on a schematic unrooted tree of archaea and eukaryotes'?

An uncultured micoorganism means that it has never been tested or cultured in a lab.

Name one technique to understand more about microbial communities.

______ and ______ are both cultivated and uncultivated.

The lipid tails of archaea

Bacteria can have S layers on them.

What is another name bacteria can be called to describe the material in their membrane?

The archaea has highly diverse ______ structure.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Nanoarcheaota?

Euryarchaeota are exclusively thermophiles and hyperthermophiles.

What is the primary characteristic that defines acidophiles like Thermoplasma/Ferroplasma?

The archaeon _______, notable for its ability to grow at 113°C, also shows resistance to autoclaving.

What is the role of amoA genes in Thaumarchaeota?

Large-insert libraries are limited to containing a maximum insert size of 10 kb of DNA.

What is the primary advantage of using fosmids and cosmids in genomic studies?

The process of extending contigs by designing PCR primers to the termini and 'walking' out from clone ends is a strategy used in _______ sequencing.

What is the purpose of the 16S rRNA gene in constructing large-insert libraries?

Sanger sequencing is typically characterized by high throughput and short read lengths.

Which of the following methods involves sequencing by synthesis and amplified templates generated in vitro, known for their high accuracy but shorter read lengths?

In contrast to bacterial cell membranes, archaeal membranes contain _________ linkages rather than ester linkages.

What is the general function of ATP synthase?

A distinguishing feature of the Asgard archaea is a lack of membrane protrusions.

Which group is currently considered to be the closest known relatives of eukaryotes?

Which of the following membrane adaptation contributes to archaea thriving in extreme environments?

The Last Eukaryotic Archaeal Common Ancestor (LEACA) is well-defined with complete knowledge of all its cellular features.

What genomic finding led to discovery of ammonia-oxidizing archaea?

The archaeon ________, was the first ammonia-oxidizing archaeon isolated in 2005.

What is a biofilm?

Halophiles are organisms that thrive in?

Thermoplasma have cell walls.

Which of the following archaeal groups includes methanogens?

Planktonic archaea are not found in the ocean.

The archaeon Pyrolobus fumari grows at?

Crenarchaeota are only thermophiles and hyperthermophiles.

What are MAGs?

When building large insert libraries, you do not need to screen for 16S rRNA genes.

Illumina sequencing can only be done with templates generated in vivo.

Which sequencing method has low accuracy but long read lengths?

In the "Darwinian threshold" depiction, RNA comes first before DNA.

What is the order of events for creating large-insert libraries?

AOA stands for Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria.

Match each statement with the correct sequencing strategy.

Why was the discovery of Asgard Archaea so important?

All prokaryotes contain peptoglycans.

What was a prior limiting factor in archaeal research that metagenome assembling genomes helped to ameliorate?

The concept of the _________ was that early entities were still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

Which of the following are two modes for microbial genome evolution?

The archaeal cell membrane contains a lipid bilayer exactly the same as bacteria.

What is the name of an enzyme involved in energy generation that exists across eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria.

Scientists discovered 16S rRNA of archaeal organisms living in ________ concentrations.

Which archaeal phylum includes species known for thriving in extreme halophilic conditions?

Nanoarchaeum equitans can survive independently without a host organism.

What is the approximate genome size of Nanoarcheum equitans, making it one of the smallest known genomes?

The archaeal species Sulfolobus solfataricus is known to thrive in hot, sulfur-rich environments and is classified as a ______.

Match the following archaeal groups with their key characteristics.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Thermoplasma/ Ferroplasma?

Marine Group II Euryarchaeota are well-understood for their specific ecological roles in marine environments.

What is metagenomics, and how has it contributed to the discovery of new archaeal species?

Pyrolobus fumari is notable for its ability to grow at extremely high temperatures, holding the current record for life's temperature limit at ______ °C.

Match the following scientists or figures with their contributions to the study of archaea.

What is the significance of identifying amoA genes in archaeal genomes?

The archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus uses nitrite as its primary energy source.

What is the ecological significance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in marine environments?

Large-insert libraries, utilized to discover archaea, contain DNA fragments that range from ______ to 30-40 kb.

Match the following components to the correct domain(s) of life

What genomic sequencing tool was developed by Frederick Sanger?

Horizontal gene transfer is the passing of genes from parent to offspring.

In the context of early cellular evolution, what does the term 'progenote' refer to?

The TACK superphylum consists of Thaumarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, Crenachaeota and ______.

Match the following archaeal lineages with their discovery and relevance to eukaryotic evolution.