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Questions and Answers
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स क्या है?
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स क्या है?
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स व्यक्तिगत लोगों और व्यापारों के व्यवहार पर ध्यान केंद्रित है जो उत्पादन, बाजार और खपत के निर्णयों में लेते हैं।
उपयोगकर्ता चयन की मॉडलिंग में कौनसे कारक का उपयोग किया जाता है?
उपयोगकर्ता चयन की मॉडलिंग में कौनसे कारक का उपयोग किया जाता है?
उपयोगितावाद
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स में व्यापार किसके तहत काम करता है?
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स में व्यापार किसके तहत काम करता है?
प्रेरणाओं, लागतों और प्रतिबंधों के कई रूपों में।
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स के अनुसार, कितने प्रकार के प्रतिस्पर्धी बाजार होते हैं?
माइक्रोइकोनॉमिक्स के अनुसार, कितने प्रकार के प्रतिस्पर्धी बाजार होते हैं?
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उपयोगकर्ता चयन की मॉडलिंग में क्या मापता है?
उपयोगकर्ता चयन की मॉडलिंग में क्या मापता है?
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आर्थिक विकास क्या है?
आर्थिक विकास क्या है?
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पूर्णात्मकतावाद किसका परिणाम है और यह क्या कहता है?
पूर्णात्मकतावाद किसका परिणाम है और यह क्या कहता है?
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अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार क्या है?
अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार क्या है?
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आर्थिक विकास में कौन-कौन से चरण होते हैं?
आर्थिक विकास में कौन-कौन से चरण होते हैं?
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अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार के क्या लाभ और नुकसान हो सकते हैं?
अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार के क्या लाभ और नुकसान हो सकते हैं?
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आर्थिक विकास में क्या चुनौतियाँ होती हैं?
आर्थिक विकास में क्या चुनौतियाँ होती हैं?
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सांख्यिकीय सहमति क्या है और इसका क्या उपयोग होता है?
सांख्यिकीय सहमति क्या है और इसका क्या उपयोग होता है?
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Study Notes
Economics
Economics is a social science concerned with providing a framework to study how societies allocate scarce resources, what choices individuals make in making decisions involving production of goods and services, and how different economic systems function. It is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics
Definition
Microeconomics is focused on the behavior of individual people and businesses in making decisions regarding consumption, production, and markets. It deals with issues such as consumer choice, methods of increasing productivity, monopolies and competition, market structures, externalities, public goods, and income distribution.
Microeconomic markets can be classified according to their market structure. Four types of competitive markets exist: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
Consumer Choice
In microeconomics, economists model consumer behavior using utility functions. A utility function measures the satisfaction, happiness, enjoyment from consuming a product. Utilitarianism suggests that the best possible outcome is when total utility equals total unhappiness. However, this premise has been criticized due to its assumption that economic outcomes determine overall wellbeing.
Business Behavior
Businesses operate under various forms of incentives, costs, and constraints. They seek profitability by producing goods and services to meet demand while minimizing costs. Companies also face challenges like externalities and government interventions.
Economic Development
Definition
Economic development refers to both the process of improvement of an economy over time and the economic level reached within a country. This includes areas such as GDP per capita, size of a nation's economy, its level of human welfare, which all relate to quality of life.
Economic development has various stages: hunting and gathering, simple agriculture, advanced industry, and post-industrial society. As a nation progresses through these stages, it experiences changes in its population growth rate, infrastructure, technological capabilities, and urbanization.
Challenges
Developing countries often struggle with poverty, pollution, and underdeveloped transportation networks. To overcome these obstacles, they require strategies such as job creation, education, technology transfer, and foreign investments.
International Trade
Definition
International trade involves exchanging products and services between nations. It allows countries to specialize in specific industries based on their relative advantages, leading to increased efficiency and lower prices.
Benefits & Costs
Benefits of international trade include access to cheaper goods, new markets, and diversified risk. On the other hand, it may lead to job displacement, unequal share of benefits, and loss of sovereignty over domestic policies.
Statistical Correlation
Definition
Statistical correlation is used to measure the degree of relationship between variables. A correlation coefficient ranges between -1 and +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, 0 shows no correlation, and +1 represents a perfect positive correlation.
Correlations do not imply causality and can be affected by factors like sample size, data collection methodologies, measurement errors, outliers, etc.. Therefore, correlations need to be interpreted carefully.
Index
Definition
Indices are measurable values derived from a set of statistics and designed to represent some aspect of the economy. For example, stock market indices like S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ, etc., track the performance of certain stocks.
Other economic indices include the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which measures inflation levels; Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is an indicator of economic growth; and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, which measures the sustainability performance of companies.
Economic indices are widely used to monitor and analyze economic conditions and trends, assisting governments, financial institutions, and investors in making informed decisions.
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इस सामाजिक विज्ञान में कैसे समाज संगठन करता है और संकीर्ण संसाधनों का आवंटन कैसे करता है, इन्हीं मुद्दों पर आधारित दो मुख्य शाखाएं हैं: सूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र और मैक्रो अर्थशास्त्र।
