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Questions and Answers

Which gas is present in a higher concentration in exhaled air compared to inhaled air?

  • Helium
  • Carbon Dioxide (correct)
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen

What component is common in both inhaled and exhaled air?

  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen (correct)
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Hydrogen

Which of the following statements about exhaled air is true?

  • It contains less nitrogen than inhaled air.
  • It contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air. (correct)
  • It contains more oxygen than inhaled air.
  • It contains only oxygen and carbon dioxide.

How many air sacs are estimated to be present in human lungs?

<p>600 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the air sacs in the lungs?

<p>Gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to inhaled air, exhaled air generally has ______.

<p>more carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is not typically associated with exhaled air?

<p>Ozone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to the composition of exhaled air?

<p>Volume of air inhaled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for wearing disposable gloves when handling mealworms?

<p>To prevent skin irritation or contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stopping the two tubes during the experiment?

<p>To prevent gas exchange with the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the gas exchange of the mealworms based on the color changes in the indicators?

<p>Mealworms consume hydrogen carbonate, indicated by a color change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent air leakage from the tubes during the experiment?

<p>Cap the tubes tightly and use a sealant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should the setup be left to observe the color of the indicator?

<p>One hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen if the mealworms touched the indicator?

<p>The experiment would produce inaccurate results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure no air leakage during the experiment?

<p>To maintain the composition of gases in the tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of tar deposited in the lungs of a smoker?

<p>It covers the surface of the air sacs, reducing gas exchange efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide impact the blood's ability to carry oxygen?

<p>It reduces the oxygen-carrying ability of blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of chemicals breaking down the walls of air sacs in the lungs?

<p>Decreased surface area for gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of smoking on lung tissue?

<p>Improved lung elasticity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be observed regarding the tissue of smoker's lungs compared to non-smoker's lungs?

<p>Smoker's lungs exhibit significantly reduced gas exchange capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method describes how cigarette smoke diminishes lung function?

<p>By reducing the availability of oxygen in the air sacs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does reduced surface area in the lungs play in respiratory health?

<p>It hinders gas exchange efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the interaction between smoking and lung tissue?

<p>Smoking negatively affects gas exchange efficiency and lung health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of smoking on physical appearance?

<p>Causes yellowing of teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component found in e-cigarettes that can be harmful?

<p>Nicotine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers is directly linked to traditional cigarette smoking?

<p>Lung cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect does smoking have on the skin?

<p>Accelerates aging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health condition is NOT typically associated with smoking?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason e-cigarettes are considered harmful?

<p>They contain nicotine and other harmful chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common olfactory consequence of smoking?

<p>Foul-smelling fingernails (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of e-cigarettes is specifically mentioned as being banned in a certain region?

<p>Selling in Hong Kong (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths worldwide is attributed to smoking-related diseases?

<p>15% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much shorter is the life expectancy of smokers compared to non-smokers?

<p>10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT commonly associated with smoking?

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many people die each year from smoking-related diseases globally?

<p>8 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a smoking-related disease?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of deaths worldwide is related to smoking?

<p>1/15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many diseases are specifically mentioned as related to smoking?

<p>3 diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of global health, what is a significant consequence of smoking?

<p>Substantial rise in mortality rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mealworm experiment

An experiment designed to investigate gas exchange by mealworms.

Tube A

Control group in the experiment, containing no mealworms.

Tube B

Test group in the experiment, containing mealworms.

Hydrogencarbonate indicator

Chemical used to detect changes in carbon dioxide levels.

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Gas exchange

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Color change of indicator

Observing the change in color of the indicator to track carbon dioxide production.

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Control group (Tube A)

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation.

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Experimental group (Tube B)

A group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation.

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Exhaled air

Air breathed out of the lungs.

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Inhaled air

Air breathed into the lungs.

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Oxygen content

Amount of oxygen in the air.

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Candle experiment

An experiment to compare the oxygen levels in inhaled & exhaled air.

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Burning spoon

Spoon used to hold a lit candle during experiment

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Safety spectacles

Eye protection equipment worn during experiment.

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Cover plate

A plate used to cover the gas jar to contain the air

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Exempted from PE

Students who are not required to participate in physical education.

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Exhaled air composition

Exhaled air has more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than inhaled air.

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Nitrogen in air

Nitrogen is present in both inhaled and exhaled air.

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Air sacs in lungs

The lungs contain about 600 million air sacs for efficient gas exchange.

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Inhaled air composition

Inhaled air is primarily oxygen.

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Gas Exchange

The process of the body absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Exhaled Air

The air released during breathing.

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Inhaled Air

The air taken in during breathing.

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Lung Air Sacs

Millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs for gas exchange, extremely important for the transfer of gases in the body.

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Cigarette smoke effect on lungs

Cigarette smoke reduces gas exchange efficiency by depositing tar in the air sacs, reducing oxygen-carrying ability of blood, and damaging air sac walls.

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Tar deposition

Tar from cigarette smoke coats the surfaces of air sacs, hindering gas exchange.

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Carbon Monoxide's effect

Carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen, leading to less oxygen absorption by the lungs.

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Damaged air sacs

Certain chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the air sac walls, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.

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Gas exchange efficiency

The ability of the lungs to effectively transfer oxygen into the blood and release carbon dioxide.

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Lung tissue differences (smoker/non-smoker)

Smoker's lung tissue shows black tar deposits blocking the air sacs, while non-smoker's lungs are clean.

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Pig lung tissue differences

Observation prompts the learner to identify differences in tissue structure between two different animal lung samples.

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Trachea differences (pig lungs)

Examination of trachea prompts the learner to identify distinct structural differences among different animal samples.

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Smoking-related diseases

Diseases caused by smoking, including lung cancer, mouth cancer, stroke, and bronchitis.

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Global smoking deaths

Approximately 8 million people worldwide die annually from smoking-related illnesses.

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Smoking's impact on lifespan

Smokers' life expectancy is typically 10 years shorter than non-smokers'.

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Lung cancer

A disease of the lungs primarily caused by smoking

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Mouth cancer

A disease affecting the mouth, often linked to smoking.

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Stroke

A serious disorder related to blood circulation in the brain caused by smoking.

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Bronchitis

A lung disease sometimes connected to smoking.

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Global health impact of smoking

Smoking accounts for about 15% of global deaths.

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Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine is a highly addictive substance that is found in cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

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Smoking Health Risks

Smoking causes various health problems like cancer (lung, mouth, stomach), heart disease, stroke, and bronchitis.

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E-cigarettes (vaping)

Battery-powered devices that heat a liquid to produce vapor, often containing nicotine and other chemicals.

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Smoking's Impact on Appearance

Smoking causes premature aging of the skin, yellowing of teeth and fingernails, and unpleasant odors in hair and clothes.

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Lung Cancer

A type of cancer that develops in the lungs and is often linked to smoking.

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Mouth Cancer

A type of cancer that begins in the mouth, often from years of smoking.

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E-cigarette Ban

Some areas, like Hong Kong, have laws that prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes.

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Health Effects of E-cigs

E-cigarettes may cause health damage, although not as significant as smoking

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Study Notes

Gas Exchange in Animals

  • Gas exchange occurs in animals, not just plants.
  • Practical 7.12 investigates carbon dioxide uptake/release in mealworms.

Practical 7.12 Aim

  • To determine changes in carbon dioxide levels in a tube with mealworms.

Practical 7.12 Materials

  • Boiling tube (2)
  • Forceps (2)
  • Cotton thread
  • Test tube rack
  • Mealworm (1)
  • Measuring cylinder (10 cm³)
  • Hydrogencarbonate indicator (1)
  • Plastic vial with small holes (1)

Practical 7.12 Procedure

  • Add 3 cm³ of hydrogencarbonate indicator to two boiling tubes (A & B).
  • Record the indicator colour in each tube.
  • Place mealworms in a plastic vial and put it into tube A (ensure they don't touch the indicator).
  • Seal both tubes and leave for 1 hour.
  • Record the indicator colour in each tube after one hour.

Practical 7.13 Aim

  • To investigate the change in oxygen levels in a tube with mealworms.

Practical 7.13 Materials

  • Boiling tube (2)
  • Capillary tubes fitted into stoppers (2)
  • Wire gauze
  • Ruler
  • Soda lime (2 bags)
  • Mealworms (2)

Practical 7.14 Aim

  • To compare the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour content of inhaled and exhaled air.

Practical 7.14 Materials

  • Gas jars with cover plates (2)
  • Measuring cylinder
  • Mirror
  • Water trough
  • Clock/stopwatch
  • Dry cobalt chloride paper
  • Candle
  • Insulating mat
  • Burning spoon
  • Hydrogencarbonate indicator

Practical 7.14 Procedure

  • Cover two gas jars and label them 'inhaled air'.
  • Fill a gas jar completely with water in a water trough.
  • "Breathing" into a gas jar to fill it with exhaled air, covering the gas jar, removing it from the water, and then labeling it.
  • Repeat with another gas jar. (Repeat steps 2-4 to collect another jar of exhaled gas).
  • Light a candle and fix it to a burning spoon.
  • Open the lid of one jar.
  • Submerge the candle into the jar and record how long the flame takes to go out.
  • Repeat with the next jar.

Gas Exchange in Humans

  • Gas exchange in humans is for oxygen transport to cells and carbon dioxide removal.
  • Inhaled air has a higher oxygen concentration and a lower carbon dioxide concentration than exhaled air.
  • Exhaled air has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and water vapor than inhaled air.

Activity 7.2 Human Breathing System

  • This activity involves identifying the different parts of the human breathing system using an anatomical model or diagram (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm, nasal cavity, nostrils, ribs, and intercostal muscles).
  • Draw arrows to illustrate airflow during breathing.

Gas Exchange in Air Sacs

  • Oxygen from inhaled air enters the blood in capillaries surrounding air sacs.
  • Carbon dioxide moves from the blood in capillaries to the air sacs.
  • The blood carries carbon dioxide to the air sacs.

Effects of Smoking

  • Smoking reduces the efficiency of gas exchange due to tar deposits in air sacs and chemicals reducing blood oxygen capacity.
  • Smoking causes various diseases like lung cancer, heart diseases, and other health issues.

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