AQA A Level Biology Topic 1: Carbohydrates and Monosaccharides

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What type of bonds are formed by DNA polymerase when joining adjacent nucleotides?

Peptide bonds

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds (correct)

Hydrogen bonds

What is the process called when DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds in the DNA double helix?

Denaturation

Hydrolysis

Replication

Unwinding (correct)

What attaches to the exposed nucleotide bases during DNA replication?

Free bases

Phosphate groups

Free nucleotides (correct)

Deoxyribose sugars

What type of bonds are formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of another during DNA replication?

Phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common mistake related to DNA replication?

DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is involved when hydrogen bonds are broken during DNA replication?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is true?

DNA polymerase joins adjacent/next to nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of ATP?

Ribose bound to a molecule of adenine and 3 phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

In what way is ATP broken down?

ATP (+ water) → ADP + Pi Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP?

ATP hydrolase Signup and view all the answers

How is inorganic phosphate used after the hydrolysis of ATP in cells?

It can be used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP resynthesized in cells?

ADP + Pi → ATP (+ water) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way in which the hydrolysis of ATP is utilized in cells?

To release or provide energy for energy-requiring reactions within cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP considered a suitable immediate source of energy for cells?

It releases energy in relatively small amounts with little loss as heat Signup and view all the answers

Which common mistake about ATP is addressed in the text?

"ATP hydrolysis creates energy." Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ATP is incorrect?

ATP can be stored within cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the strong cohesion between water molecules?

The polarity of water molecules and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of water that is important in biology?

Water's ability to be stored within cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen bonds between water molecules contribute to the high specific heat capacity of water?

Hydrogen bonds require a lot of energy to break, allowing water to absorb and store a lot of heat. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary reason why water's high latent heat of vaporization is important in biology?

It helps maintain a constant internal body temperature in organisms through evaporative cooling. Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen bonds between water molecules contribute to water's ability to act as a solvent?

Hydrogen bonds allow water to form a stable network of molecules that can effectively surround and dissolve a wide range of solutes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why water's high specific heat capacity is important in biology?

It allows water to be stored within cells for long periods of time. Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen bonds between water molecules contribute to water's high latent heat of vaporization?

Hydrogen bonds create a rigid, crystalline structure that requires a lot of energy to break apart during evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a polymer composed of many monomers?

Polymer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common monosaccharide?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural difference between α-glucose and β-glucose?

The position of the hydroxyl group on the first carbon atom Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides?

Condensation reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose and fructose?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the bond that joins two monosaccharides in a disaccharide?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides, and how are they formed?

Polysaccharides are large molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe two monosaccharides joined together?

Dimer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

Non-competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites, causing a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate, decreasing the rate of reaction. Signup and view all the answers

If the concentration of a non-competitive inhibitor is increased, how does it affect the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

The rate of reaction decreases, as non-competitive inhibitors reduce the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of increasing substrate concentration on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor?

Increasing substrate concentration will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the inhibitory effect of the non-competitive inhibitor is permanent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the induced fit model of enzyme action?

The active site of the enzyme is initially not complementary to the substrate, but undergoes a conformational change to become complementary upon substrate binding. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of high or low pH or temperature on enzyme activity?

High or low pH or temperature can cause the enzyme to denature, resulting in the breaking of hydrogen and ionic bonds that maintain the tertiary structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction as the substrate concentration is increased?

The rate of reaction will remain constant, regardless of the substrate concentration, due to the inhibitory effect of non-competitive inhibitors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the maximum velocity (Vmax) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Non-competitive inhibitors decrease the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the reaction by reducing the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the Michaelis constant (Km) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Non-competitive inhibitors have no effect on the Michaelis constant (Km) of the reaction. Signup and view all the answers