Questions and Answers
Who was a notable poet associated with distinctly American literature?
What event is referred to as the series of religious revivals in 1801?
Second Great Awakening
Who was the principal organizer of the 1840 women's rights movement?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Brigham Young was the founder of the Mormon Church.
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What did Unitarians believe about God's nature?
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What did Deists reject?
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What was a major effect of the Second Great Awakening?
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The _____ was known as the 'Father of Prohibition'.
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Who wrote the influential essay 'On the Duty of Civil Disobedience'?
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Which movement did Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocate at the Seneca Falls Convention?
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Match the following historical figures with their contributions:
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Transcendentalism was a philosophy that rejected the idea of direct communication with God.
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What did the Oneida Community practice?
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Which artist is known for portraits of George Washington?
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Who founded the Hudson River School?
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What was the ruling of Commonwealth v. Hunt in 1842?
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Describe life on the frontier for pioneer families.
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Samuel Morse is best known for inventing the _____ system.
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What invention is Cyrus McCormick known for?
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Which inventions are attributed to Robert Fulton?
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The construction of canals was an easy task.
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Who was George Catlin?
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What was the goal of the child-centered family of the 1800s?
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The term "cult of domesticity" refers to the belief that women should focus on the _____ sphere.
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What did Samuel Slater invent?
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Which of the following were effects of urbanization?
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What are interchangeable parts?
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Match the following inventions with their inventors:
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What contributed to the national market economy?
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What was the height of 19th century immigration characterized by?
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What were reasons for German immigration to the U.S.?
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Irish immigrants mostly settled in rural areas of the United States.
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Describe the differences between German and Irish immigrants in the U.S.
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What is universal manhood suffrage?
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What were the results of the transportation revolution?
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Was Edgar Allan Poe more appreciated in Europe than in the U.S.?
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Study Notes
Commonwealth v. Hunt
- Ruling by Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw in 1842 established the legality of labor unions.
- Determined that worker combinations for peaceful collective action were not criminal conspiracies.
- First U.S. case recognizing the legality of union strikes for closed shop agreements.
- Unions not held accountable for illegal actions of individual members.
Life on the Frontier
- Pioneer life was characterized by hardship, isolation, and poor living conditions.
- Many settlers traveled on foot or by covered wagons (Conestoga wagons) drawn by horses or oxen.
- Families faced challenges including disease, loneliness, and lack of supplies.
Key Inventions and Inventors
- Samuel Morse: Invented single-wire telegraph system and Morse code, improving communication.
- Cyrus McCormick: Developed the mechanical reaper for more efficient crop harvesting.
- Elias Howe: Patented the first practical sewing machine in 1846.
- Robert Fulton: Created the first successful steamboat, the "Clermont," enhancing trade and transportation.
Transportation Development Challenges
- Early travel methods were unsafe and uncomfortable; road construction faced significant state and federal opposition.
- Turnpikes were funded by state governments and individuals to improve road systems.
- The construction of the Cumberland Road began in 1811, offering a major transportation route.
- Railroads initially suffered from poor construction, causing hazards.
George Catlin
- Artist who documented Native American culture through sketches and portraits.
- Aimed to preserve Native American heritage before it diminished, with much of his work acquired by the Smithsonian in 1879.
19th Century American Families
- Families became smaller, focusing on raising independent children.
- Love-based marriages replaced arranged ones; homes viewed as sanctuaries.
- Women played crucial roles within the household, fostering future generations as "republican mothers."
The Cult of Domesticity
- Ideology promoting women’s roles as homemakers, emphasizing virtue and dependence.
- Encouraged the notion that women should be more religious and dedicated to the family.
Father of the Factory System
- Samuel Slater, a British immigrant, initiated the first American machine for spinning cotton in 1791, laying the groundwork for industrialization.
Effects of Urbanization
- Urbanization led to overcrowded, unhealthy living conditions in tenements.
- Rapid city population growth resulted in pollution, poor sanitation, and increased crime rates.
- Nativism emerged in response to the influx of immigrants.
Interchangeable Parts
- Innovated by Eli Whitney, this manufacturing process facilitated mass production by standardizing components for easy assembly.
Ecological Imperialism
- Describes the exploitation of western resources, leading to species extinction and land depletion, often driven by settlers' survival needs.
Nativist Beliefs and the Know-Nothing Party
- Nativism favored native-born citizens over immigrants, leading to the formation of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner and Know-Nothing Party in 1849.
- This movement aimed to limit immigrant rights and influence, driven by fears of job loss and cultural change.
Factors Contributing to a National Market Economy
- Expansion of land for settlement and reduced transportation costs linked farmers to larger markets.
- Technological advancements like the cotton gin boosted agricultural productivity, particularly in cotton.
Peak of 19th Century Immigration
- Immigrant population skyrocketed in the 1840s and 1850s, notably due to the Irish Famine, causing fears among native-born Americans regarding Catholic influence.
German Immigration Reasons
- Economic hardships and political unrest prompted many Germans to migrate to the U.S. from the 1830s to 1860s.
- Germans contributed significantly to U.S. culture while facing resentment for maintaining their own traditions.
Irish Immigration Reasons
- Driven by the Great Famine in the 1840s, impoverished Irish settled primarily in northeastern cities due to economic constraints.
- Anti-Catholic sentiment from native Protestants fueled nativism.
Regional Economies
- Immigrant labor aided the expansion of industry, especially in textiles and agriculture.
- The early working class included many women and children, with emerging labor movements advocating for workers' rights.
Differences Between German and Irish Immigrants
- Irish immigrated primarily due to famine, while Germans left for political and economic reasons.
- Germans often had the means to purchase land and settled in the West, while Irish remained in urban areas due to poverty.
Universal Manhood Suffrage
- Allowed all adult males to vote, regardless of additional qualifications, promoting democratic participation.
Transportation Revolution Outcomes
- Improvements in infrastructure like turnpikes and canals enhanced trade efficiency and settlement movement.
- The Erie Canal significantly facilitated commerce between New York City and the Great Lakes.
Key Literary Figures and Works
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Noted for his influential and popular poetry reflecting American culture.
- Edgar Allan Poe: Celebrated for his mastery of the horror story genre.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne: Explored themes of sin and morality in "The Scarlet Letter."
- Herman Melville: Authored "Moby Dick," which later gained recognition as a literary masterpiece.
American Literature Development Factors
- Influencers like Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson shaped distinctive American literary styles reflecting individualism and social issues.
- The Knickerbocker Group and early novelists contributed to a unique American literary identity.
Causes and Effects of the Second Great Awakening
- A wave of religious revivals emphasized moral reform, social justice, and expanded Protestant denominations.
- Encouraged movements for prison reforms, temperance, and abolitionism, while fostering individual free will and spirituality in American life.### Peter Cartwright
- Notable Methodist traveling frontier preacher with a 50-year service from Tennessee to Illinois.
- Known for a powerful preaching style that converted thousands, using a bellowing voice and dynamic gestures.
- Engaged in physical confrontations with those who disrupted his meetings, referred to as “camp meetings.”
Women and the 2nd Great Awakening
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton was instrumental in the women's rights movement, organizing the first convention in Seneca Falls in 1848.
- Declared in the "Declaration of Sentiments" that "all men and women are created equal."
- Susan B. Anthony crucial in the women’s suffrage movement and social reform, co-founding the National Woman Suffrage Association.
- The Seneca Falls Convention focused on rewriting the Declaration of Independence to include women’s rights.
- The Grimke sisters, abolitionists from the South, actively fought for women's rights.
- Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, contributed to both abolition and women’s movements.
Mormons
- Joseph Smith claimed to have translated the Book of Mormon from golden plates given by an angel; his leadership established the Mormon Church in 1830.
- Smith and his brother were murdered in 1844, leading to Brigham Young’s succession, who established the community in Utah.
- The Mormon community operated as a religious oligarchy with practices like polygamy, later evolving into a prosperous theocratic society.
Unitarians
- Unitarianism rejects the orthodox Trinity, emphasizing the oneness of God and the goodness of human nature.
- Followers believe in free will and potential salvation through good deeds, viewing God as a benevolent father.
Deism
- Deism dismisses the concept of original sin and posits a supreme being who created a knowable universe.
- Deists reject the divinity of Christ, focusing on morality and rationality.
Gender Differences
- The "feminization of religion" allowed women to take on significant religious roles despite being excluded from many public domains.
- Women's suffrage emerged from the abolition movement and was galvanizing by conventions like Seneca Falls.
- Shifts in early 1800s social conditions led to increased education and political involvement for women.
Dorothea Dix
- Advocate for reforming mental healthcare and the prison system, resulting in improved conditions for the mentally ill.
- Her efforts emphasized that mental illness is not a moral failing, leading to reform in penal practices.
Colleges and Educational Reform
- Noah Webster, known as the "Schoolmaster of the Republic," emphasized patriotic education and wrote widely-used textbooks.
- Emma Willard pioneered women’s education, establishing Troy Female Seminary and advocating for women's academic rights.
- Horace Mann, as Secretary of Education, championed public school reform and advocated for equal education opportunities.
19th Century American Medicine
- Medicine was primitive with low life expectancy; self-prescription of patent medicines was common.
- Local surgeons often served dual roles as barbers or butchers.
Values of Utopian Communities
- Utopian societies in the 1800s aimed to create perfect environments through isolation and social experimentation.
- Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley, attracted transcendentalist thinkers but failed due to debt after a fire.
Oneida Community
- Founded by John Humphrey Noyes, based on a belief in human goodness and a complex version of marriage (polygamy).
- Eventually became a joint-stock company specializing in silverware rather than maintaining its utopian ideals.
Louis Agassiz
- Harvard professor advocating original research in biology; contributed to the understanding of the ice age.
Gilbert Stuart
- Renowned Rhode Island painter known for creating multiple portraits of George Washington and competing with top British artists.
John J. Audubon
- Naturalist known for painting wild birds in their habitats, author of "Birds of America," and founder of the Audubon Society.
Hudson River School
- Established by Thomas Cole, recognized as the first American landscape painting school, emphasizing natural scenes of New York's Hudson River.
Attempts at Prohibition
- Neal Dow, the "Father of Prohibition," sponsored the Maine Law of 1851 which curtailed alcohol sales.
- The American Temperance Society was formed to address the public health problems stemming from alcohol misuse.
Civil Disobedience
- Henry David Thoreau, a transcendentalist, advocated for individual resistance to unjust laws, significantly influencing future civil rights leaders.
- His essay on Civil Disobedience highlighted the moral right to challenge government policies by refusing to comply.
Transcendentalism
- Ralph Waldo Emerson led the transcendentalist movement, promoting individual direct experience with God and nature.
- Emphasized self-reliance, intuition, and the inherent goodness of people while rejecting organized religion.
Charles Grandison Finney
- A prominent revival preacher known for his emotional sermons and the concept of the "anxious bench" for repentant sinners.
- His activities culminated in the "Burned-Over District," a region of intense religious revival in New York.
Characteristics of 19th Century Historians
- Key historians like George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and Francis Parkman were predominantly from New England, fostering a bias in historical narratives against the South.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 14 of APUSH, specifically examining the significant case Commonwealth v. Hunt. It explores the implications of the ruling for labor unions and workers' rights in the 19th century, highlighting the legal recognition of collective action by workers. Test your knowledge of this landmark decision and its historical context.
