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Questions and Answers
Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
What does 'City on a Hill' refer to in John Winthrop's vision?
What does 'City on a Hill' refer to in John Winthrop's vision?
A society governed by civil liberty based on Christian principles.
Who were the Separatists?
Who were the Separatists?
Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England.
What did Roger Williams found after being banished from Massachusetts?
What did Roger Williams found after being banished from Massachusetts?
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What was the belief of the Visible Saints according to Calvinism?
What was the belief of the Visible Saints according to Calvinism?
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What was the purpose of the Half-Way Covenant?
What was the purpose of the Half-Way Covenant?
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What event led to the establishment of the Dominion of New England?
What event led to the establishment of the Dominion of New England?
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What was Nathaniel Bacon's role in Bacon's Rebellion?
What was Nathaniel Bacon's role in Bacon's Rebellion?
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What was the House of Burgesses?
What was the House of Burgesses?
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What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?
What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?
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What was the Middle Passage?
What was the Middle Passage?
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What was the Great Awakening?
What was the Great Awakening?
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Who was Jonathan Edwards?
Who was Jonathan Edwards?
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What does mercantilism aim to achieve?
What does mercantilism aim to achieve?
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What were the Navigation Acts?
What were the Navigation Acts?
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What was Congregationalism?
What was Congregationalism?
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What did the Toleration Act of 1649 achieve?
What did the Toleration Act of 1649 achieve?
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Who was John Peter Zenger?
Who was John Peter Zenger?
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Study Notes
Colonial Leaders and Religious Movements
- John Winthrop, first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, led a religious experiment based on the idea of a "city on a hill," symbolizing a Puritan society.
- The concept of "City on a Hill" reflects a biblical ideal for a society governed by civil liberty and moral righteousness, exemplifying Puritan values.
- Separatists, also known as Pilgrims, sought to completely sever ties with the Church of England, differing from mainstream Puritans who aimed for reform.
- Roger Williams advocated for the separation of church and state, leading to his banishment from Massachusetts and the founding of Rhode Island, which allowed full religious freedom.
- Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan norms by claiming direct communication with God, resulting in her expulsion and the establishment of New Hampshire by her followers.
Puritan Beliefs and Governance
- "Visible Saints" represents the Puritan belief in predestination, where evidence of godly encounters was necessary for church membership.
- The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 allowed partial church membership for the children of members, mitigating the divide between the elect and non-elect.
- The Dominion of New England (1686), led by Sir Edmund Andros, aimed to centralize colonial governance, enforcing navigation laws but ended after a colonial revolt in 1692.
Economic Systems and Rebellions
- Penn's Holy Experiment aimed to create a Quaker refuge, adopting inclusive governance and focusing on profit generation.
- Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion in 1676 due to frustrations with Governor Berkeley's policies towards Native Americans, culminating in the sacking of Jamestown.
- Bacon's Rebellion highlighted the tensions between backcountry farmers and the colonial government, leading to a shift from indentured servitude to slavery.
Governance and Colonial Life
- The House of Burgesses, established in 1619, represented the first elected legislative assembly in the New World, creating a foundation for self-governance among property owners.
- Indentured servants exchanged years of labor for passage to America, contributing to the labor force before the rise of slavery.
- The Headright system incentivized colonist settlement in Virginia, granting land to those who paid for their transport.
Trade and Economic Policies
- The Middle Passage describes the harrowing journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas, forming a critical part of the triangular trade network.
- Mercantilism in the 18th century fueled Britain's economic policies, emphasizing government regulation to enhance national wealth.
- The Navigation Acts sought to monopolize trade between England and its colonies, building tensions as colonists faced restrictions on trade.
Religious Revivals and Enlightenment
- The Great Awakening spurred religious fervor in the 17th century, leading to increased church diversity and missionary activity across the colonies.
- Key figures of the Great Awakening included George Whitefield, known for his powerful preaching, and Jonathan Edwards, whose sermon emphasized fear of divine judgment.
- The Enlightenment fostered rational thought and human rights advocacy, influencing colonial attitudes towards governance and society.
Early Colonial Conflicts
- King Philip's War (1675) involved violent confrontations between colonists and the Wampanoag tribe, driven by territorial disputes and led by Chief Metacom (King Philip).
- The Covenant of Grace teaches that faith alone is necessary for salvation, contrasting Catholic doctrine emphasizing works.
- The Mayflower Compact (1620) established the principle of self-government for the Plymouth colony, signed by the ship's male passengers.
Early Governance Challenges
- John Smith played a crucial role in establishing Jamestown, Virginia, emphasizing discipline and leadership during early hardships.
- The Virginia Company, a joint-stock enterprise, aimed to profit from the New World by founding colonies and ensuring rights for English settlers.
- William Berkeley's tenure as Virginia's governor faced criticism for his favorable treatment of Native Americans, leading to dissent among colonists.
Social Policies and Early Rights
- The Toleration Act of 1649 in Maryland marked a significant step towards religious freedom, criminalizing restrictions on Christian practices.
- Jacob Leisler led a revolt against colonial authority in New York, ultimately facing execution for defying royal governance.
- John Peter Zenger's trial for publishing criticisms of the New York governor laid the groundwork for press freedom and the principle of free speech.
Philosophical Movements
- Deism reflects the belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its operation, likened to a clockmaker.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key historical terms from APUSH Unit 1, Chapters 1-2. This quiz focuses on influential figures and concepts such as John Winthrop and the idea of a 'City on a Hill'. Perfect for students preparing for AP U.S. History exams.
