APUSH Period 4 Flashcards: 1800-1848 Overview

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What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807?

To outlaw the sailing of American ships to foreign ports (correct)

To protect American ships from impressment (correct)

To promote trade with foreign countries

To enhance national security

What was the War of 1812 primarily about?

Impressment of American sailors and British interference with American shipping.

What did the Hartford Convention address?

Complaints of the Federalist Party against the ruling Republican Party.

How did the Market Revolution affect small farmers?

Connected them to larger markets through new infrastructure. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature of steamboats?

They could paddle upstream easily. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Erie Canal's impact?

It connected the Great Lakes region to New York City and created new towns along its path. Signup and view all the answers

What did the telegraph use to transmit messages?

Electric signals and Morse Code. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad?

It was the first major railroad in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Adams-Onis Treaty accomplish?

It defined the boundary of Mexico and sold the remainder of Florida to the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Cotton Kingdom?

Nickname for the American South due to its reliance on cotton production and slave labor. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Samuel Slater?

He opened the first American factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden establish?

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved for the federal government. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Second Great Awakening?

It was a series of religious revivals emphasizing salvation through good deeds. Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexis de Tocqueville observe about American society?

He analyzed American political thought and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cult of Domesticity endorse?

The belief that women were ideal caregivers and should focus on home life. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Dorr War?

Demonstrated the passions surrounding voter exclusion in Rhode Island. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?

It warned European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Force Bill?

To authorize President Jackson to use the army and navy to enforce tariffs. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Panic of 1837?

Economic policies and failures of state banks following the withdrawal of federal funds. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary doctrine advocated in the 'Exposition and Protest' by John C. Calhoun?

Interposition Signup and view all the answers

What does the spoils system refer to?

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists. Signup and view all the answers

What did Utopian communities aim to achieve?

Idealistic and impractical living arrangements away from society. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Owenites?

Followers of Robert Owen who aimed to create a moral community in New Harmony. Signup and view all the answers

What was the perfectionism movement?

A social reform movement focused on improving society and addressing social ills. Signup and view all the answers

The temperance movement aimed to encourage people to drink more alcohol.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the American Colonization Society?

To relocate free blacks to Africa. Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the American Anti-Slavery Society?

William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Signup and view all the answers

What does moral suasion refer to?

The effort to convince others to take action through moral appeals. Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'Am I Not A Man and a Brother?' represents an image of a slave ______.

pleading Signup and view all the answers

Who were referred to as 'gentlemen of property and standing'?

Northern merchants who disrupted abolitionist meetings. Signup and view all the answers

What was the gag rule in 1835?

A law making it illegal to discuss anti-slavery arguments in Congress. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Dorothea Dix?

An activist who improved conditions for mental patients. Signup and view all the answers

What was the movement for woman suffrage about?

The quest for the right to vote regardless of sex. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Woman in the Nineteenth Century'?

A book by Margaret Fuller about women's freedom and personal development. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Liberty Party?

A political party that opposed slavery. Signup and view all the answers

Who led The Shakers?

Mother Ann Lee. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Oneida community practice?

Polygamy and communal living. Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the Mormons?

Joseph Smith. Signup and view all the answers

Who were considered critics of reform?

Groups like Catholics who opposed the imposition of Protestant morality. Signup and view all the answers

What was 'The Liberator'?

The most influential abolitionist literary work by William Garrison. Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between abolitionism and race?

Black abolitionists often faced less recognition than their white counterparts. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Grimke sisters?

Early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Political Developments

Embargo Act: Enacted by Thomas Jefferson in 1807, it prohibited American ships from trading with foreign ports, aimed at preventing impressment but damaging port economies.
War of 1812: Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain, fueled by impressment of American sailors, ship seizures, and British support for Native attacks; increased nationalism.
Hartford Convention: Federalist meeting during the War of 1812 to express grievances against the Republican Party; perceived as treasonous, leading to Federalist decline.

Economic Transformations

Market Revolution: Linked small farmers to larger markets through advancements in transportation; significant developments included railroads and canals, altering labor and wage systems.
Transportation Innovations:
- Steamboats: Facilitated upstream navigation, exemplified by Robert Fulton’s Clermont.
- Erie Canal: A 363-mile canal crucial for connecting the Great Lakes to New York City, inspiring further canal construction.
- Railroads: Connected the Western frontier with other U.S. cities, boosting trade and manufacturing.

Cajun Culture: Evolved in Louisiana from a mix of French, Spanish, and Caribbean influences, shaping regional identity.
Immigration Waves:
- Irish Immigration: Driven by the potato famine; faced discrimination and exploitation while establishing cultural institutions.
- German Immigration: Welcomed skilled craftsmen; formed cohesive communities, notably in St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Cincinnati.

Legal Milestones

Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Supreme Court case affirming contract sanctity; protected private institutions from state interference.
Gibbons v. Ogden: Established federal authority over interstate commerce, reinforcing the federal government’s regulatory role.

Cultural Movements

Transcendentalism: An influential 19th-century movement emphasizing simplicity, nature, and emotional truth, associated with thinkers like Thoreau and Emerson.
Second Great Awakening: Religious revival movement promoting salvation through good deeds and inclusivity among various demographics.

Cult of Domesticity: Promoted the ideal of women as self-sacrificing caregivers, reinforcing restrictive roles within society.
Temperance Movement: Emerged in the mid-1800s, advocating for reduced alcohol consumption; faced opposition from working-class men and Catholics.

Political Conflicts

Tariff of Abominations (1828): Raised tariffs on imports, favoring Northern economies while provoking Southern dissent and claims of unconstitutionality.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest: Calhoun's essay advocating state nullification rights, anticipating Southern resistance to federal policies.

Native American Policies

Indian Removal Act (1830): Mandated relocation of southeastern Native tribes to designated territories, leading to widespread displacement.
Trail of Tears: Forced march resulting in significant Cherokee deaths; exemplified human costs of U.S. territorial policies.

Economic Crises

Panic of 1837: Economic downturn caused by speculative investments and bank failures, leading to widespread unemployment and economic distress.

Political Parties and Elections

Age of Jackson: Democratic era characterized by increased political participation and the emergence of the "common man" ethos.
Whig Party Formation: Originated in opposition to President Jackson's policies, representing interests reminiscent of the Federalist Party.

Utopian Communities: Idealistic groups seeking to create moral societies apart from mainstream society; often faced challenges in sustainability.
Mill Girls: Young women employed in textile mills, experiencing new forms of independence while facing strict oversight in boarding houses.### Educational Reforms
Common School Movement: Initiated by Horace Mann in the mid-1800s, aimed to provide education to all children irrespective of social class.

Abolitionist Groups

American Colonization Society: Founded to alleviate the perceived issue of slavery by relocating free blacks to Africa, leading to the establishment of Liberia.
American Anti-Slavery Society: Established in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others; opposed slavery vehemently, advocating for complete separation from slaveholders and burning the Constitution as a proslavery text.

Advocacy Methods

Moral Suasion: Strategy focused on convincing others to act based on moral principles without coercion or incentives.

Iconography and Opposition

"Am I Not A Man and a Brother?": Prominent abolitionist imagery depicting a slave in a pleading position, representing the fight against slavery.
"Gentlemen of Property and Standing": Wealthy Northern men who violently disrupted abolitionist gatherings to protect their interests.

Legislative Constraints

Gag Rule: Enacted in 1835, this law prohibited discussions on abolition within Congress, stifling anti-slavery sentiments.

Dorothea Dix: A key activist focused on improving conditions for mental health patients, advocating for better treatment and facilities.

Women's Rights Movement

Woman Suffrage: Campaign aimed at securing voting rights for all individuals, regardless of gender.
"Woman in the Nineteenth Century": Book by Margaret Fuller, published in 1845, defining women's freedom as a journey toward personal growth.

Political Movements

Liberty Party: Founded in 1839 to oppose slavery, merging later with the Free Soil Party in 1848 to enhance political influence against slavery.

Religious Communities

The Shakers: Religious group led by "Mother" Ann Lee known for ecstatic worship and communal living, noted for craftsmanship in furniture but declined due to celibacy.
Oneida Community: Founded by John Noyes, practiced controversial polygamy and communal child-rearing, with strict member oversight and eugenic practices.
Mormons: Established by Joseph Smith in 1830, the church emphasized thrift, hard work, and the belief in a unique lineage connecting Americans to Hebrew ancestors.

Critics of Reform: Notably Catholics who opposed reform movements, viewing them as attempts to impose Protestant values on a diverse population.

Abolitionist Literature

The Liberator: Garrison's influential abolitionist publication that played a significant role in the anti-slavery movement.

Racial Dynamics in Abolitionism

Abolitionism and Race: Highlighted the disparities in recognition and success among black abolitionists compared to their white counterparts, leading to tension within the movement.

Women's Advocacy in Abolition

Grimke Sisters: Notable Quakers and early advocates for both abolition and women's rights, contributing significantly to the social reform discourse in the 19th century.

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This quiz consists of flashcards covering key events and concepts from the AP U.S. History Period 4, which spans from 1800 to 1848. Topics include significant acts, such as the Embargo Act, and major conflicts like the War of 1812. Perfect for studying and reinforcing your understanding of early 19th-century American history.

APUSH Period 4: 1800-1848 Flashcards

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