APUSH Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What did towns in colonial societies have to provide for families with more than 50 people?

Elementary education

What did each family receive for their farms?

Nothing

Land, woodlot, tract for crops, and animals (correct)

Woodlot and animals only

Only land

What was the settlement pattern in the Chesapeake region compared to New England?

Same in both regions

Organized in towns

Only families settled

Random and taken by lone-planters (correct)

Who established Harvard College?

Puritans in Massachusetts Signup and view all the answers

The Half-Way Covenant weakened the distinction between the elect and others.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the Salem Witch Trials and what was the outcome?

Girls claimed to be bewitched leading to witch hunts and executions. Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the Congregational Church run by the Puritans?

It promoted local governance and democracy. Signup and view all the answers

What were 'gold mines' in New England?

Codfish off Newfoundland Signup and view all the answers

What did men colonists mainly do?

Cleared land, fenced, planted crops, cut firewood and butchered livestock. Signup and view all the answers

What did women colonists mainly do?

Wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Signup and view all the answers

What are indentured servants?

Migrants who, in exchange for a passage across the Atlantic, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, usually for 4 - 7 years. Signup and view all the answers

What was the headright system?

A system that allowed an individual to acquire 50 acres of land if he paid for someone's passage to the colony. Signup and view all the answers

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

An uprising in Virginia's backcountry led by planter Nathaniel Bacon, initially in response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Royal African Company?

An English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Middle Passage?

The transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies, marked by very high mortality rates. Signup and view all the answers

What was the New York slave revolt of 1712?

An uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of 9 whites and the execution of 21 participating blacks. Signup and view all the answers

What was the South Carolina slave revolt of 1739?

An uprising known as the Stono Rebellion, involving more than 50 South Carolina blacks attempting to reach Spanish Florida. Signup and view all the answers

What is a jeremiad?

A type of fiery sermon lamenting the waning piety of parishioners, named after the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Half-Way Covenant?

An agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children, signifying a waning of religious zeal. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Salem witch trials?

A series of witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts, where twenty individuals were put to death based on claims of being bewitched. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William Berkeley?

A colonial governor of Virginia and one of the Lords Proprietors of the Colony of Carolina. Signup and view all the answers

What was life like for Chesapeake settlers?

Nasty, brutish, and short; malaria and typhoid cut 10 years off their life expectancy. Signup and view all the answers

Who mostly immigrated to the colonies and what happened to them?

Mostly single young men, many of whom perished after arrival. Signup and view all the answers

What were the top three most populated colonies in the 18th century?

Virginia, Massachusetts, and Maryland. Signup and view all the answers

What was tobacco cultivation like?

Growers often planted tobacco before corn, and it hurt the soil, demanding more land. Signup and view all the answers

How many pounds of tobacco were shipped, and what did it lead to?

1.5 million pounds early on, increasing to 40 million pounds by the end of the century. Signup and view all the answers

What did increased tobacco production lead to?

More labor demands due to the slow growth of families and high mortality rates among Indians. Signup and view all the answers

Who worked the fields in colonial America?

Young men from England who were unemployed, as well as tenants forced from their farms. Signup and view all the answers

What did indentured servants look forward to?

They looked forward to freedom and land, but many ended up with fewer rights as land became scarce. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion?

Governor Berkeley's refusal to respond to Indian attacks, leading settlers to take matters into their own hands. Signup and view all the answers

What happened when Nathan Bacon died?

Governor Berkeley regained power and executed many rebels; it led to landowners seeking less labor-intensive options. Signup and view all the answers

How many African slaves were taken to the New World?

11 million African slaves, with about 2 million dying at sea. Signup and view all the answers

Who profited from the slave trade?

European trading companies primarily profited from the trade, focusing on sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Signup and view all the answers

What was the legal status of slaves in Virginia?

Slaves were considered property, and laws prevented them from being taught to read or write. Signup and view all the answers

What defined the African slave system?

It was modeled on racial discrimination and economic reasons. Signup and view all the answers

Where was slave life primarily located in America?

Mostly in the Southern colonies, where the climate and labor were harsh. Signup and view all the answers

What types of plantations did slaves work on in South Carolina?

Rice and indigo plantations where only fresh imports could survive. Signup and view all the answers

How were tobacco farms easier for slaves to work on?

Tobacco was less physically demanding and allowed for better social interaction among slaves. Signup and view all the answers

What cultural blend did African American families mix into?

A mix of American culture in folkways, religion, and speech. Signup and view all the answers

What was Gullah?

A language formed off the SC coast, combining English and African languages. Signup and view all the answers

How was jazz created?

Through the development of West African religious dance brought to America. Signup and view all the answers

What other jobs did slaves have besides plantation work?

They worked as artisans, carpenters, tanners, and cleared swamps. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the New York slave revolt in 1712?

Nine whites were killed, some by being burned over a slow fire. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the South Carolina slave revolt in 1739?

Fifty blacks attempted to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by the military. Signup and view all the answers

What started to define wealth in the 18th-century Southern societies?

Wealth was defined by ownership and control of land and slaves. Signup and view all the answers

Who was at the top of the social ladder in the colonies?

Planters, who owned large estates and numerous slaves. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of merchant planters?

They built riverfront manors, cultivated arts, and managed plantation issues. Signup and view all the answers

Who were lower on the social ladder?

Landless whites and former indentured servants. Signup and view all the answers

Who was at the bottom of the social ladder?

Slaves. Signup and view all the answers

What did southern life revolve around?

Plantations that were isolated from each other, with waterways as the main transportation routes. Signup and view all the answers

What became a bustling seaport in the colonies?

A city that became the largest and most rural seaport for shipments to England and Carolina rice. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Adam Thoroughgood?

A person who arrived in Virginia colony as an indentured servant and later recruited 105 settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What eventually stopped diseases?

Clean water and cooler temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the life span of New Englanders?

Their life span increased by about 10 years, leading to about 70 years of life expectancy. Signup and view all the answers

How did New England grow?

Through natural reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of marriage was encouraged in New England?

Early marriage, with women marrying in their 20s and having children every two years. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William Phips?

Governor of Massachusetts and one of 27 children born to the same woman. Signup and view all the answers

What did children learn in colonial New England?

Children grew up learning habits of obedience in nurturing environments. Signup and view all the answers

What was different about pregnancies in contrast to the Chesapeake region?

New England pregnancies usually occurred after marriage. Signup and view all the answers

What did the South provide to women in contrast to New England?

The South offered more rights to women due to high male mortality rates, allowing them to own land. Signup and view all the answers

What were women's rights in colonial society?

Women could not vote and were considered morally weaker, but they could be midwives. Signup and view all the answers

What were Puritan laws regarding marriage?

Puritan laws defended the integrity of marriages; divorce was rare except for abandonment or adultery. Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'The Scarlet Letter'?

Nathaniel Hawthorne. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common practice for commemorating the dead?

Carving likenesses on grave markers. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of society did New Englanders create?

A tightly-knit society with small villages and farms. Signup and view all the answers

Who was entrusted with the distribution of land in New England?

Distribution was generally entrusted to town authorities or a communal group. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Indentured Servants: Migrants contracted for 4-7 years of labor in exchange for passage to America.
Headright System: Granted 50 acres of land to individuals who paid for servants' passage, promoting tobacco cultivation.
Bacon's Rebellion (1676): Uprising by Virginia's backcountry farmers against Governor Berkeley's policies; highlighted class tensions.

Slavery and Trade

Royal African Company: English monopoly on slave trade (1672-1698); decline led to increased slave supply.
Middle Passage: Gruesome transatlantic journey for slaves, with high mortality rates.
New York Slave Revolt (1712): A rebellion resulting in the deaths of 9 whites and execution of 21 blacks.
Stono Rebellion (1739): South Carolina revolt by enslaved Africans attempting to escape to Spanish Florida, suppressed by militia.

Religion and Society

Congregational Church: Self-governing Puritan congregations fostering local democracy.
Jeremiad: Sermons addressing declining religious fervor among Puritans, named after the biblical prophet Jeremiah.
Half-Way Covenant (1662): Allowed partial church membership for the unconverted, indicating waning religious zeal.

Colonial Life and Gender Roles

Chesapeake Settlers: Faced harsh living conditions, significantly lower life expectancy due to diseases like malaria.
Gender Dynamics: Women's roles varied; southern women had more property rights due to men's early deaths. In contrast, New England women faced stricter restrictions.
Puritan Marriage Laws: Rare divorces, strict codes of conduct; adulterous women faced public punishment.

Education and Community

Harvard College (1636): Established by Massachusetts Puritans as the oldest institution for training ministers.
Community Infrastructure: New England towns organized around meetinghouses, serving both social and civic functions.
Legislation for Education: Towns with over 50 families required to provide elementary education.

Planter Elite: Wealthy landowners at the top of the social ladder, influencing politics and economy through slave ownership.
Landless Whites and Slaves: Lower on the hierarchy, struggling for economic stability amid competition for jobs.

Cultural Development

African American Culture: Emergence of unique cultural practices like Gullah, a language blending English with African roots.
Jazz Origins: Influenced by West African dance and music, contributing to American cultural landscape.

Slave Work Conditions

Plantation Labor: In South Carolina, rice and indigo plantations contrasted with easier tobacco farming in Chesapeake for enslaved Africans.
Work Diversity: Enslaved individuals also took roles as artisans, contributing to community functions beyond agriculture.

Resistance and Control

Slave Revolts: Instances like the New York and South Carolina revolts demonstrated resistance, yet showcased intense control over enslaved populations compared to indentured servants.
Economic Conditions: Wealth increasingly defined in agrarian terms, leading to a stratified society shaped by labor demands and slave systems.

Settlement Patterns

New England vs. Chesapeake: New England communities were organized with familial and communal ties, while Chesapeake experienced more random, isolated settlement.

Family Dynamics

Reproductive Patterns: New England families tended to marry earlier and have more children, fostering longer life spans and cohesive family units compared to the Chesapeake.

Summary of Key Concepts

Cultural and Social Structures: The interplay between labor systems, religious beliefs, and community organization shaped early American society.
Colonial Challenges: Conflicts, both violent and systemic, emerged from economic disparities, class tensions, and cultural differences among colonial populations.### Church Membership Changes
The formula for church membership was modified, allowing for a new understanding of the covenant between the church and its adherents.
This change blurred distinctions between the elect and non-elect.
Resulted in broader participation in religious activities.
Women became the majority in Puritan congregations.

Salem Witch Trials

In Salem, Massachusetts, girls claimed to be bewitched by older women, leading to a "witch hunt."
Nineteen individuals were hanged, while others were pressed to death; two dogs were also executed.
Fear arose over puritan heritage being overshadowed by rising Yankee commercialism.
The witch trials ended in 1693 following the governor's wife's accusation, which halted further trials.

Causes of Fear in Salem

Superstitions surrounding witchcraft heightened community fears.
Ongoing wars with Native Americans added to societal tensions.
Social and religious instability contributed significantly to the atmosphere of fear.

Accusers and the Accused

Witches often hailed from families connected to Salem's commercial growth, while accusers were mainly from agrarian families.

Metaphor of Witch Hunting

"Witch hunting" symbolizes the human tendency to seek scapegoats amid social grievances.

New England's Character and Industry

The story of New England is symbolically written on its rocky terrain, shaping the character of its inhabitants.
New Englanders gained renown for their hard labor on land and became esteemed for their industriousness.
Connecticut earned the nickname "Nutmeg State" due to the notorious trade in wooden nutmegs by Yankee traders.

Progress Stages for New Englanders

New Englanders' progress can be seen in three stages: striving to get on, earn honor, and become honest.

Ethnic Composition

New England maintained a less ethnically diverse population due to reluctance among outsiders to settle the region.

Climate Influence

New England's climate features hot summers and harsh winters, significantly influencing agricultural practices.

Agricultural Development

The region's soil and climate fostered diversified agriculture, with settlers clearing land extensively.

Influence of Native Americans

Native Americans played a crucial role in shaping New England through established trails for hunting and fishing, as well as land management practices.
Indigenous peoples used the land effectively but did not adhere to concepts of land ownership.

Perception of Land Use

New Englanders perceived Indigenous practices of forest management as wasteful, believing in their responsibility to "improve" the land.

Environmental Impact

Continuous land clearing for livestock led to erosion and flooding due to soil compaction from animals.

Specialization in Shipbuilding

New Englanders became adept in shipbuilding and commerce due to deforestation efforts.

Economic Resources

Codfish off the coast of Newfoundland were referred to as "fishy gold mines," providing wealth that surpassed even that of treasures from the Aztecs.

Boston's Significance

Boston was considered the "hub of the universe," reflecting the Puritan belief of its inhabitants being a chosen people.

Emigration Patterns

New England settlers migrated to regions like Ohio, Oregon, and Hawaii for new opportunities.

Agricultural Cycles

The rhythms of American life were dictated by cycles and seasons; most colonists engaged in farming activities throughout the year.

Roles of Women Colonists

Women in colonial society primarily focused on domestic tasks, including weaving, cooking, cleaning, and childcare.

Roles of Men Colonists

Men were chiefly responsible for land clearing, fencing, planting, harvesting, gathering firewood, and tending to livestock.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from APUSH Chapter 4 through these flashcards. This quiz includes important terms like indentured servants and the headright system, which played crucial roles in the development of colonial America. Perfect for reviewing essential themes in U.S. History.