APUSH Chapter 18: Urbanization Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What differences exist between the 'White City' in Chicago and the 'Gray City' during the 1890s?

The 'White City' showcased innovation and beauty while the 'Gray City' reflected poverty, social inequality, and pollution.

How did immigration affect the U.S. population in the late 19th century?

The U.S. population tripled, influenced by the arrival of 16.2 million immigrants and 8.8 million more during peak years.

What were some negative forces driving Europeans to emigrate?

Poverty, overcrowding, joblessness, and religious persecution.

What positive forces encouraged emigration?

Political freedom, economic opportunities, industry jobs, and religious freedom. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was characterized as 'Old Immigrants'?

North and West Europeans Signup and view all the answers

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

1882 ban on immigrants from China Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Jane Addams and the Hull House?

Jane Addams created the Hull House to assist immigrant families and provide social services. Signup and view all the answers

The Temperance Movement sought to increase alcohol consumption.

False Signup and view all the answers

What changes occurred in education after 1865?

Increased emphasis on public schools, compulsory education, and diverse curricula including vocational and citizenship education. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered social sciences?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What motivated middle-class women to advocate for voting rights?

The causes of women's suffrage began with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Realism = Shift from romantic novels to realistic tales depicting challenging lives Naturalism = Emphasis on impact of environment and experiences on individuals Social Gospel = Protestant movement advocating for social justice Settlement Houses = Community centers for aiding immigrants Signup and view all the answers

What limited black participation in white big league baseball?

Jim Crow laws and customs Signup and view all the answers

What initiated the tradition of the first ball throw?

Taft Signup and view all the answers

When was basketball invented?

1891 Signup and view all the answers

In the 1920s, football transitioned from college activity to _____ league.

professional Signup and view all the answers

What sports became more respected over time leading to middle-class gatherings?

Boxing Signup and view all the answers

What sports were women engaged in for exercise?

Croquet and bicycling Signup and view all the answers

What are the similarities between immigrant waves before and after the Civil War?

The majority of immigrants came from Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an immigrant and an emigrant?

An immigrant is a person who enters a nation. An emigrant is a person who moves away. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an immigrant and a 'bird of passage'?

Immigrants intend to stay, while birds of passage come to work temporarily. Signup and view all the answers

What fueled Nativism more, economic or cultural forces?

Cultural forces Signup and view all the answers

What caused migration from rural to urban areas?

Commercialization of farming and new economic opportunities in metropolitan areas. Signup and view all the answers

Did internal migration have more in common with foreign immigration or westward migration?

Foreign immigration Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical significance of Americanization?

The Americanization movement aimed to assimilate immigrants and reflected disdain for foreign diversity. Signup and view all the answers

To what extent were political machines immoral?

They manipulated newcomers into casting fictitious votes to maintain control. Signup and view all the answers

What did Gilded Age reformers have in common with Jackson era reformers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How were Gilded Age reformers different from Jackson era reformers?

The Gilded Age rejected utopias, while the Jacksonian era embraced experimental ideas. Signup and view all the answers

How did industrialization create problems in cities during the Gilded Age?

It brought corruption, congestion, pollution, and sickness. Signup and view all the answers

To what extent did women's rights improve during the Gilded Age?

Women's rights significantly improved, culminating in the right to vote. Signup and view all the answers

How did the scientific method impact American culture during the Gilded Age?

It led to the creation of social sciences. Signup and view all the answers

What link did educational reform have to the Jackson era?

The Jackson administration brought major reforms to public education. Signup and view all the answers

Which Jackson era reforms continued in the Gilded Age?

Improvements in civil service, women's rights, and the temperance movement. Signup and view all the answers

Compare urban culture in the Gilded Age to Puritan culture in the colonial era.

Urban culture was dynamic and diverse, unlike the simpler, more isolated Puritan lifestyle. Signup and view all the answers

How did urbanization and industrialization change American culture?

They enabled building growth and created markets and labor pools. Signup and view all the answers

How did cultural change create social conflict?

The influx of immigrants prompted tensions between nativists and newcomers. Signup and view all the answers

How did cultural change illustrate class and gender structure?

Although the middle class grew and women gained rights, discrimination persisted. Signup and view all the answers

To what extent did immigrants give up their heritage to become Americanized?

Many immigrants concealed their past traits to assimilate. Signup and view all the answers

To what extent did immigrants retain their heritage in American culture?

Ethnic cultures remain present, and original values were often intact. Signup and view all the answers

How did African Americans differ from immigrant groups?

African Americans faced unique rights issues and had a distinct relationship with American culture. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urbanization and Industrialization in the 1890s

The 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, termed the White City, symbolized innovation with its architectural beauty.
In contrast, the Gray City illustrated the harsh realities of urban life, including poverty, pollution, and social inequality.
Both cities exemplified the broad effects of urbanization and industrialization during this era.

Immigration Patterns

The U.S. population tripled in the late 19th century, with 16.2 million immigrants arriving in that period and an additional 8.8 million during peak years.
Immigration was influenced by multiple factors, including push factors like poverty and political turmoil in Europe and pull factors such as economic opportunities and political freedom in the U.S.
Old Immigrants primarily came from Northern and Western Europe, usually literate and skilled, while New Immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, often poorer and less educated.

Restriction of Immigration

Restrictions targeted perceived "undesirables" such as criminals and the poor, influenced by labor unions and nativist societies.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 aimed to bar all new immigrants from China due to rising hostility in western states.

Urbanization Trends

Urbanization paralleled industrialization, leading to increased job opportunities in cities, with many internal migrants and immigrants seeking factory work.
The transition from horse-drawn transport to streetcars and subways facilitated urban growth and income segregation in cities.
Skyscrapers began to dominate urban landscapes due to rising land values, utilizing new steel construction techniques.

Ethnic neighborhoods formed as middle-class populations moved out, leaving behind tenements for low-income immigrants.
Settlement houses, like Hull House created by Jane Addams, provided essential social services and aimed to alleviate urban poverty.
The "City Beautiful" movement promoted urban planning initiatives aimed at enhancing city aesthetics and livability.

Reform movements gained momentum in the late 19th century due to the urban poverty experienced by working-class families.
Increasing middle-class awareness spurred various forms of advocacy including the temperance movement, aiming for alcohol abstinence to combat social issues.
Groups like the Women's Christian Temperance Union contributed to reform efforts aimed at addressing public health and morality.

Intellectual and Cultural Shifts

The emergence of social sciences marked a shift to a more analytical approach in understanding human behavior and society, with key figures like W.E.B. Du Bois leading the way.
Literature and art began to reflect the realism of urban life, moving away from romanticism towards narratives depicting everyday struggles.

Changes in Education

The evolution of public education saw an increase in literacy and the establishment of comprehensive high school curriculums.
The Morrill Acts facilitated the creation of land-grant colleges, thereby expanding access to higher education, especially for African Americans through HBCUs.

Leisure and Entertainment

The late 19th century witnessed the rise of spectator sports, such as baseball and basketball, and growing demand for recreational activities driven by decreased work hours.

Women played significant roles in social reform movements, advocating for rights like suffrage and education reforms, leading to increased participation in public life.
Urban living conditions strained family dynamics, resulting in a higher acceptance of divorce and smaller family sizes.

Conclusion

The era of urbanization marked a transformative period in American history, with profound impacts on demographics, social structures, education, and cultural expressions. These changes set the stage for modern American society.### Americanization Movement
Aimed to assimilate immigrants and discourage foreign diversity in the United States.
Reflected strong public disdain for cultural differences among newcomers.

Immorality of Political Machines

Political machines manipulated immigrants to secure fictitious votes.
Portrayed as benevolent while functioning through deception to maintain control.

Similarities Between Gilded Age and Jackson Era Reformers

Both eras recognized societal corruption and aimed for reform.
Addressed key issues: politics, education, temperance, and women’s rights.

Differences Between Gilded Age and Jacksonian Reformers

The Gilded Age learned from past errors, rejecting utopian ideals in favor of practical reforms.

Impact of Industrialization on Urban Problems

Created challenges such as overcrowded living conditions, pollution, disease, and corruption in political systems.

Improvement of Women's Rights During Gilded Age

Significant advancements led to women's suffrage, prominently supported by the National American Women's Suffrage Association.

Influence of Scientific Method on American Culture

Fostered new disciplines known as social sciences, including economics, political science, anthropology, psychology, and sociology.

Educational Reform Link from Jackson Era to Gilded Age

Jackson administration initiated reforms promoting longer school years and public funding for education.
The Gilded Age expanded educational systems and established social science departments.

Jackson Era Reformers Influencing Gilded Age Movements

Improvements to civil service and male suffrage in politics.
Progression from Republican Motherhood to the Women's Suffrage movement.
Successful campaigns by religious groups against alcohol, resulting in prohibition in many states.

Comparison of Urban Culture in Gilded Age to Puritan Culture

Both occurred in the U.S. but differed significantly in lifestyle and social focus.
Gilded Age marked urbanization and economic growth, while Puritans led a simpler life focused on religious freedom.

Changes in American Culture from Urbanization and Industrialization

Tall buildings emerged to save space, and cities became labor hubs for production companies.
Improvements in transportation and advertising facilitated the growth of entertainment and leisure activities.

Immigrant influx led to nativist sentiments and social unrest, as immigrants faced discrimination.

Class and Gender Structure Amid Cultural Change

The growth of the middle class and women's voting rights were tempered by ongoing gender discrimination in sports and club memberships, particularly against minorities.

Immigrant Heritage and Americanization

Immigrants often concealed their past traits to blend into American society, resulting in the metaphorical "melting" into a new racial identity.

Retention of Immigrant Heritage

Ethnic cultures remained integral to American identity, with immigrants maintaining their distinct cultural values despite initial estrangement.

Differences Between African Americans and Immigrant Groups

African Americans encountered unique societal challenges, facing systemic discrimination despite being familiar with American culture.

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Description

Explore the contrasts between the glamorous 'White City' of Chicago and the harsh realities of the 'Gray City' life in the 1890s. This quiz delves into how urbanization and industrialization shaped American society during this period. Test your knowledge with these flashcards on the key themes and historical implications.