Approaches to International Relations

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Questions and Answers

How is international relations defined as a subfield of political science?

The study of the interactions among the various actors that participate in international politics.

Which of the following is NOT a prominent theory in international relations, as discussed in the text?

  • Radical Perspectives
  • Constructivism
  • Neoliberal Institutionalism
  • Classicism (correct)
  • Realism
  • Liberalism

According to realism, states exist in an anarchic international system, meaning there is a hierarchical governing body.

False (B)

Liberalism historically posits that human nature is inherently evil.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three levels of analysis used in international relations, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The international system, the state, and the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thucydides, the ancient Greek historian, identify as the underlying cause of the Peloponnesian War?

<p>The growth of Athenian power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why drawing specific lessons from historical analogies can be problematic?

<p>History provides clear-cut guidance for current situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Plato, in his work "The Republic", argue should be the ideal rulers of a state?

<p>Philosopher-kings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two key ideas from Plato's work have influenced contemporary Marxist analysts?

<p>Class analysis and dialectical reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Aristotle's contribution to the study of political science, as described in the text?

<p>He was the first to use the comparative method of analysis, comparing and contrasting 168 constitutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Thomas Hobbes's "Leviathan", what was his description of the state of nature and how did he propose to escape it?

<p>Hobbes portrayed the state of nature as a chaotic and brutish existence where individuals are driven by self-interest and fear. He argued that escaping this state requires a powerful, centralized sovereign, a leviathan, with absolute control to maintain order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rousseau's solution to the dilemma posed by the stag and the hare?

<p>He advocated for the creation of smaller communities where the &quot;general will&quot; can be realized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant propose as a means to achieve peace in international relations?

<p>A federation of states governed by the rule of law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that philosophical methods, while helpful in identifying normative guidelines, may not be as effective in addressing specific, practical questions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the book written by psychologist Steven Pinker that examines the decline of violence in human history?

<p>The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio­lence Has Declined</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four prominent theories of international relations discussed in the text?

<p>Rational Choice Theory (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Realists believe that states exist in an anarchic international system, meaning there is no overarching hierarchical authority.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liberalism, in contrast to realism, sees human nature as fundamentally good and emphasizes the potential for cooperation between states.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dialectical reasoning?

<p>Reasoning from a dialogue or conversation that leads to the discovery of contradictions in the original assertions and in po­liti­cal real­ity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle conclude about the rise and fall of states?

<p>States rise and fall largely b­ ecause of internal ­factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Leviathan, according to Thomas Hobbes?

<p>A unitary state where power is centrally and absolutely controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant advocate for in his work, Idea for a Universal History and Perpetual Peace?

<p>A federation of states as a means to achieve peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the fundamental relationships examined by the philosophical tradition in International Relations?

<p>The relationships between the individual and society, between individuals in society, and between societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Philosophical methods are always useful for helping us answer specific questions in International Relations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

International Relations

The study of interactions among actors in international politics, including states, organizations, and individuals.

International Relations Theory

Frameworks for understanding international events and answering foundational questions in the field.

Realism

A theory that states exist in an anarchic international system, focusing on national interest and power.

Neorealism

A variant of realism that emphasizes the international system's structure.

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Liberalism

A theory that emphasizes cooperation among actors, international norms, and institutions.

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Neoliberal Institutionalism

A variant of liberalism that highlights the role of international institutions in facilitating cooperation.

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Radical Perspective

A theory emphasizing economic class and the role of international capitalism in shaping international relations.

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Constructivism

A theory that highlights the role of ideas and social norms in shaping state interests and international relations.

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Anarchy

The absence of a central global authority.

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National Interest

A state's goals and priorities in international relations.

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State of Nature

A hypothetical condition without government or civil order.

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Levels of Analysis

Different perspectives for understanding international relations (individual, state, system).

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Historical Context

Understanding international relations through historical events and trends.

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Behavioralism

A scientific approach to studying international relations.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research.

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Philosophy in IR

Using philosophical ideas to study international relations.

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History in IR

Using past events to understand current issues in international relations.

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Analogies

Comparisons made to understand events.

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Global Perspectives

Examining topics from a specific state's viewpoint.

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IGOs

International Governmental Organizations

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NGOs

Non-governmental organizations

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International Law

Rules and principles that guide relations between states and other actors.

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Power

Capacity to influence others.

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What is International Relations?

The study of interactions among actors in international politics, including states, organizations, and individuals.

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What are Theories in IR?

Frameworks for understanding international events and answering fundamental questions in the field.

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What is Realism?

A theory that states exist in an anarchic international system, focusing on national interest and power.

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What is Neorealism?

A variant of realism that emphasizes the international system's structure.

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What is Liberalism?

A theory that emphasizes cooperation among actors, international norms, and institutions.

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What is Neoliberal Institutionalism?

A variant of liberalism that highlights the role of international institutions in facilitating cooperation.

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What is the Radical Perspective?

A theory emphasizing economic class and the role of international capitalism in shaping international relations.

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What is Constructivism?

A theory that highlights the role of ideas and social norms in shaping state interests and international relations.

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What is Anarchy?

The absence of a central global authority.

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What is National Interest?

A state's goals and priorities in international relations.

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What is the State of Nature?

A hypothetical condition without government or civil order.

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What are Levels of Analysis?

Different perspectives for understanding international relations (individual, state, system).

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What is Historical Context?

Understanding international relations through historical events and trends.

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What is Behavioralism?

A scientific approach to studying international relations.

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What is the Scientific Method?

A systematic approach to research.

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What is Philosophy in IR?

Using philosophical ideas to study international relations.

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What is History in IR?

Using past events to understand current issues in international relations.

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What are Analogies?

Comparisons made to understand events.

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What are Global Perspectives?

Examining topics from a specific state's viewpoint.

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What are IGOs?

International Governmental Organizations

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What are NGOs?

Non-governmental organizations

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What is International Law?

Rules and principles that guide relations between states and other actors.

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What is Power?

Capacity to influence others.

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What is the purpose of International Relations?

To understand the interactions between actors in the international system and to find solutions to global challenges.

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What are some challenges to the state?

Globalization, transnational crime, fragile states, ethnic conflicts.

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Why do we need history in IR?

To understand the context of current events and learn from past mistakes.

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What are the potential impacts of individuals on international relations?

Leaders can influence foreign policy, public opinion can impact elite decisions, and private citizens can participate in transnational movements.

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Why are IGOs, International Law, and NGOs important?

They play significant roles in governing international relations, promoting cooperation, and addressing global challenges.

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What are the major issues in contemporary international relations?

Security, economics, human rights, and transnational issues such as the environment, global health, and crime.

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Study Notes

Approaches to International Relations

  • International relations is the study of interactions among actors in international politics, including states, individuals, international organizations, and NGOs.
  • It's an interdisciplinary field, drawing on history, economics, and anthropology, as well as political science.
  • Key questions in IR include the characteristics of human nature and states, the relationship between individuals and society, and the structure of the international system.
  • Competing theories (realism, liberalism, radical theory, constructivism) offer different perspectives on these questions.
  • Realism posits that states operate in an anarchic system, prioritizing national interests defined by power. Liberalism emphasizes cooperation and international norms. Radical theory focuses on economic class and international capitalism. Constructivism emphasizes social and ideational structures.

Developing the Answers

  • History is crucial for understanding contemporary issues, tracing the origins of conflicts and disputes.
  • History helps identify patterns and potential causes of events (e.g., Thucydides' analysis of the Peloponnesian War).
  • Historical analogies can be helpful but are limited; outcomes are influenced by diverse factors and context.
  • Philosophy contributes to IR by examining fundamental questions about human nature, state characteristics, and the ideal international system (e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant).
  • Philosophical analysis identifies normative considerations, like justice in war and resource distribution.

Thinking Theoretically

  • Political scientists develop theories to understand international events and answer foundational questions.
  • Prominent theories in IR include realism, liberalism, radical perspectives (rooted in Marxism), and constructivism.

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