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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes isotopes?
Which statement accurately describes isotopes?
- Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.
- Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (correct)
- Atoms with the same chemical properties but different electron configurations.
- Atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
Considering the periodic table, what explains why oxygen and sulfur are placed in the same group?
Considering the periodic table, what explains why oxygen and sulfur are placed in the same group?
- They have the same number of electron shells.
- They are both nonmetals.
- They have the same number of valence electrons. (correct)
- They have similar atomic masses.
When sodium and oxygen react to form sodium oxide, what type of bonding occurs?
When sodium and oxygen react to form sodium oxide, what type of bonding occurs?
- Hydrogen bonding, involving attraction between molecules.
- Covalent bonding, involving the sharing of electrons.
- Ionic bonding, involving the transfer of electrons. (correct)
- Metallic bonding, involving a sea of delocalized electrons.
In the formation of a covalent bond, what describes the attraction between the atoms involved?
In the formation of a covalent bond, what describes the attraction between the atoms involved?
Why does solid sulfur dioxide (SO₂) have a low melting point?
Why does solid sulfur dioxide (SO₂) have a low melting point?
Why are sulfur dioxide (SO₂) molecules polar?
Why are sulfur dioxide (SO₂) molecules polar?
As you move across Period 3 of the Periodic Table from magnesium to argon, what happens to the atomic radius?
As you move across Period 3 of the Periodic Table from magnesium to argon, what happens to the atomic radius?
What type of reaction is represented by the equation: $Cl_2 + (CH_3)_3CH \rightarrow (CH_3)_3CCl + HCl$?
What type of reaction is represented by the equation: $Cl_2 + (CH_3)_3CH \rightarrow (CH_3)_3CCl + HCl$?
Chlorine molecules can be split into radicals by exposing them to which type of radiation?
Chlorine molecules can be split into radicals by exposing them to which type of radiation?
How does increasing the pressure affect the rate of a reaction involving gaseous reactants?
How does increasing the pressure affect the rate of a reaction involving gaseous reactants?
What indicates that a displacement reaction has occurred in an experiment involving halogens?
What indicates that a displacement reaction has occurred in an experiment involving halogens?
In the reaction $F_2(g) +2Cl^-(aq) \rightarrow 2F^-(aq) + Cl_2(g)$, what happens to fluorine?
In the reaction $F_2(g) +2Cl^-(aq) \rightarrow 2F^-(aq) + Cl_2(g)$, what happens to fluorine?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in muscle cells?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in muscle cells?
What is the main function of striated muscle in the human body?
What is the main function of striated muscle in the human body?
What happens to actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contracts?
What happens to actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contracts?
Which metal ion is essential for muscle contraction?
Which metal ion is essential for muscle contraction?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for the production and storage of which biological molecules?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for the production and storage of which biological molecules?
Which metal ion is primarly responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
Which metal ion is primarly responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of the heart?
What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of the heart?
Which type of polymer is cellulose?
Which type of polymer is cellulose?
What type of link holds the monomers together in a cellulose polymer?
What type of link holds the monomers together in a cellulose polymer?
Which type of reaction forms the polymer cellulose is?
Which type of reaction forms the polymer cellulose is?
But-2-ene exhibits geometric isomerism due to which characteristic?
But-2-ene exhibits geometric isomerism due to which characteristic?
What is the function of enzymes?
What is the function of enzymes?
What is meant by 'hydrolysis'?
What is meant by 'hydrolysis'?
Hydrogenase promotes the formation and utilisation of hydrogen in living organisms according to the equation: $H_2 \rightleftharpoons 2H^+ + 2e^-$. What is happening to $H_2$?
Hydrogenase promotes the formation and utilisation of hydrogen in living organisms according to the equation: $H_2 \rightleftharpoons 2H^+ + 2e^-$. What is happening to $H_2$?
What is the correct equation for calculating resistance Rp of resistors A and B in parallel?
What is the correct equation for calculating resistance Rp of resistors A and B in parallel?
What is the correct equation to calculate voltage given current and resistance?
What is the correct equation to calculate voltage given current and resistance?
What is the correct equation for power given voltage and current?
What is the correct equation for power given voltage and current?
Flashcards
What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
What is a covalent bond?
What is a covalent bond?
Bond formed by the attraction between shared electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms.
What are Intermolecular Forces (IMF)?
What are Intermolecular Forces (IMF)?
Attractive forces between molecules. These forces are weaker than covalent bonds and influence physical properties like melting point.
What is a polar molecule?
What is a polar molecule?
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What is the function of mitochondria?
What is the function of mitochondria?
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What is hydrolysis?
What is hydrolysis?
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What is Young's Modulus?
What is Young's Modulus?
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What is breaking stress?
What is breaking stress?
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What is an alloy?
What is an alloy?
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Study Notes
- Level 3 Cambridge Technical in Applied Science, Unit 1 focuses on science fundamentals.
- The exam duration is 2 hours.
- The total mark for this paper is 90.
- The document contains 28 pages.
Question 1: Sulfur and Isotopes
- Sulfur is a common element found in the Earth's crust.
- Volcano-produced sulfur contains isotopes like 32S and 34S.
Question 2: Sodium Oxide and Ionic Bonding
- Sodium, with an atomic number of 11, reacts with oxygen, atomic number 8, to form sodium oxide (Na₂O).
- Sodium oxide exhibits ionic bonding.
Question 3: Sulfur Dioxide and Covalent Compounds
- Sulfur reacts with oxygen, creating sulfur dioxide (SO₂), a covalent compound.
- A covalent bond involves attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
- Solid SO₂ has a simple molecular lattice structure and low melting point.
- Sulfur dioxide molecules are polar.
Question 4: Periodic Table Trends
- Magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), and argon (Ar) are elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table and possess three electron shells.
- The table presents information about the atomic number and atomic radius of Mg, Si, and Ar.
Question 5: Chlorine Reactions
- Chlorine (Cl₂) can undergo different types of reactions.
- Equation 2.1. represents a reaction of chlorine with a hydrocarbon, (CH3)3CH, where Cl₂ + (CH3)3CH → (CH3)3CCl + HCl.
- Chlorine molecules are split into radicals when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
- Increased light intensity raises the reaction rate.
Question 6: Halogens and Displacement Reactions
- Group 17 elements in the Periodic Table are halogens.
- Displacement occurs when a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from a salt solution.
Question 7: Fluorine Reactions
- Fluorine reacts with aqueous sodium chloride to produce chlorine and sodium fluoride.
- The ionic equation is F₂(g) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2F⁻(aq) + Cl₂(g).
Question 8: Mitochondria in Muscle Cells
- Mitochondria are found in large quantities in muscle cells because it needs a lot of energy.
- Muscle tissue can be striated or unstriated.
Question 9: Muscle Fibres
- Striated muscle cells are fibres containing actin and myosin filaments.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases metal ions like Ca2+ to enable muscle contraction.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER) produces and stores lipids and proteins.
Question 10: Blood Flow
- Iron (Fe2+) is the metal ion responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.
- The heart's wall contains muscle tissue.
Question 11: Polymers and Cellulose
- Polymers consist of long chains made of small monomer molecules.
- Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer.
- Polysaccharides are a type of polymer.
- Condensation reactions form the polymer shown in the figure.
Question 12: Industrial Polymer Uses
- Alkenes are used to make polymers extensively in industry.
Question 13: Geometric Isomerism
- But-2-ene (CH3CH=CHCH3) is an alkene exhibiting geometric isomerism.
Question 14: Organic Compounds
- The figure shows the structures of organic compounds Q and R.
Question 15: Enzymes
- Enzymes containing nickel, like hydrogenase and hydrolase, are important biological molecules.
- Hydrogenase facilitates hydrogen formation in organisms, as shown in Equation 6.1: H₂ ⇌ 2H⁺ + 2e⁻.
- Hydrolase encourages hydrolysis reactions.
- Hydrolysis is an enzymatic process that uses water to cleave a chemical compound into two or more products.
- Hydrolase is needed in human to break down urea (H2NCONH2) into CO2 and another compound shown in Equation 6.2.
Question 16: Nickel Intake and Absorption
- Nickel ions are required in small amounts by the human body.
- Food types like cashew nuts and kidney beans contain nickel.
- The average daily nickel intake should be between 200 and 300 μg.
- The body absorbs no more than 15% of nickel from food.
Question 17: Aluminum Alloys
- Aluminum alloys are common in aircraft engine parts.
- You can use Fig 7.1. a stress-strain graph, illustrates the test results for alloy X.
- The graph helps deduce the breaking stress of alloy X and determine its Young’s modulus.
- Alloy X contains 95% aluminum and 5% magnesium by mass.
Question 18: Circuit Power and Resistance
- A 4.5V battery connects to resistors A, B, and C in a circuit.
- Ohm's Law (V = I × R) is used to calculate the current.
- Power can be calculated using Power = potential difference × current (P = V × I).
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