Applied Pathophysiology: PID Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following microorganisms are most commonly implicated in the initial infection leading to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

  • _Chlamydia trachomatis_ and _Neisseria gonorrhoeae_ (correct)
  • _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_
  • _Trichomonas vaginalis_ and _Mycoplasma genitalium_
  • _Candida albicans_ and _Gardnerella vaginalis_

    • What is the primary mechanism by which repeated or chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) leads to infertility?

  • Direct destruction of ovarian follicles by the infecting microorganisms.
  • Chronic inflammation of the uterus, preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.
  • Scar formation in the fallopian tubes, obstructing ovum and sperm transport. (correct)
  • Hormonal imbalances caused by the infection, disrupting the menstrual cycle.

    • What is the most likely outcome if an oocyte is fertilized in the peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube due to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

  • A normal, healthy pregnancy that proceeds to full term.
  • Development of a tubo-ovarian abscess requiring immediate surgical intervention.
  • Ectopic pregnancy that normally aborts naturally with substantial bleeding. (correct)
  • The formation of a benign tumor in the affected area.

    • Which of the following is a direct consequence of the acute inflammatory response triggered by microorganisms during Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

    <p>Hyperemic and edematous reproductive tract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In males, what is the likely consequence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) associated with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

    <p>Inflammation and immune response in the urethra, epididymis, and testes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) treatment?

    <p>Preventing long-term complications like infertility and ectopic pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would most likely necessitate hospitalization for a patient diagnosed with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

    <p>The patient is unable to adhere to an outpatient antibiotic regimen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic criterion is NOT specifically listed for identifying Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

    <p>Elevated white blood cell count. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the early stages of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), what characteristic is most concerning from a public health perspective?

    <p>The potential for undetected transmission to others due to asymptomatic presentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Besides antibiotic treatment, what behavioral modification is MOST crucial to recommend?

    <p>Abstinence from sexual activity until the patient and their partners are treated and cured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

    An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by STIs.

    Causes of PID

    Commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia and Gonorrhea.

    Effects of PID on Fallopian Tubes

    Infection can lead to scarring, obstructing ovum movement.

    Ectopic Pregnancy

    A condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often due to PID.

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    Complications of PID

    Includes infertility, tubo-ovarian abscesses, and pelvic adhesions.

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    Asymptomatic stage of PID

    Early stage of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease where no symptoms are present.

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    Diagnostic Criteria for PID

    Criteria include history, physical examination, and lab studies to confirm PID.

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    Inflammatory Response Symptoms

    Symptoms include pelvic pain, fever, malaise, and purulent discharge.

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    Treatment Goal for PID

    Prevent complications like infertility, abscesses, and ectopic pregnancy.

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    High-risk patients for hospitalization

    Patients at risk include pregnant, immunodeficient, or presenting severe symptoms.

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    Study Notes

    Applied Pathophysiology: Altered Reproductive Function

    • This module focuses on the mechanisms of disease related to reproductive issues, specifically pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

    • PID results from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) of the reproductive tract.
    • STIs like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common culprits.
    • The infection ascends through the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and eventually to the ovaries and peritoneal cavity.
    • The infection produces an inflammatory response. Reproductive tissues become hyperemic, edematous, and inflamed.
    • Fallopian tubes may be obstructed with purulent exudate.

    PID Pathophysiology

    • Repeated or chronic infection leads to scar tissue formation.
    • The scar tissue of fallopian tubes interferes with ovulation and ovum movement to the uterus.
    • This can lead to ectopic pregnancy (fertilization outside the uterus).
    • Oocytes fertilized in the peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube might naturally abort with substantial bleeding.
    • Tubo-ovarian abscesses and pelvic adhesions can occur.
    • Infertility is a possible complication.

    PID in Male

    • STIs in males can cause inflammation of urethra, epididymis, and testes.

    PID Clinical Manifestations

    • PID can be asymptomatic in early stages.
    • Infection spreads to other people.
    • Infection ascends.
    • Pelvic and lower abdominal pain intensifies.
    • Purulent cervical discharge may be present.
    • Cervical tenderness and fever.
    • Malaise is a common symptom.

    PID Diagnostic Criteria

    • History of potential PID exposure or symptoms
    • Physical examination (e.g., pelvic examination, laparoscopy to observe fallopian tubes)
    • Lower abdominal tenderness
    • Adnexal (uterus supporting tissues) tenderness
    • Cervical motion tenderness
    • Presence of discharge or cervicitis
    • Laboratory studies to assess inflammation (e.g., ESR, CRP)
    • STD testing and bacterial cultures from the genitourinary (reproductive) tract are essential.

    PID Treatment

    • Goal of treatment: Prevent long-term complications (pelvic adhesions, ectopic pregnancies, abscesses, infertility).
    • Oral or intravenous antibiotics.
    • Hospitalization may be necessary in high-risk cases.
      • Pregnant women.
      • Immunodeficient patients.
      • Patients presenting with severe illness, fever, nausea, vomiting.
      • Patients who cannot tolerate oral antibiotics or need emergency surgery.
      • People diagnosed with a tubo-ovarian abscess.
    • Partner treatment is important to prevent re-infection.

    Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Epidemiology

    • STI incidence in young people (ages 15–24) is high, accounting for ~50% of new STIs.
    • Estimated new STIs in 2008 United States was 19,738,800.

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    Related Documents

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) PDF

    Description

    Explore the mechanisms and pathophysiology of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in this quiz. Learn about the role of sexually transmitted infections, the body’s inflammatory response, and how chronic infections can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancies. This quiz will enhance your understanding of reproductive health issues related to PID.

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