Applied Genetics: Selective Breeding Basics

Super Ovulation = Production of more than the normal number of mature eggs at one time Cloning Procedure = Process involving removal of a somatic cell, fusion with an egg cell, and implantation into another animal Micropropagation = Known as tissue culturing, producing genetically identical plants from small plant tissue pieces Transgenic Species = Organism with DNA from another species transferred into its own DNA by genetic engineering

Step 1: Removal of somatic cell from sheep 1 = Initial extraction of a cell from the udder of a sheep Step 2: Removal of egg cell from sheep 2 and nucleus removal = Extraction of an egg cell from another sheep and removal of its nucleus Step 3: Fusion of somatic cell and egg using electrical current = Process where the two cells are combined using an electrical current Step 4: Implantation into another sheep = Placement of the dividing blastocyst into a different animal

Callus = Clump formed by single plant cells on growth medium like agar Plant hormones in micropropagation = Substances that accelerate the development of plants from callus Agar growth medium = Sterile medium where plant tissue pieces are placed for propagation Transgenic Species definition = Organism having DNA from a different species integrated through genetic engineering

<p>AI (Artificial Insemination) = Semen is deposited in the uterus of the cow Laparoscopic AI = Semen is inserted into the left and right horns of the uterus through a small incision in the abdomen Genotyping = Study of animal DNA to control traits like milk production and carcass weight Embryo Transplantation = Superior quality embryos from donors implanted into females with lower genetic quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Don’t have to keep a stock bull on the farm = Avoiding aggressive and dangerous bulls on the farm Farmers have a variety of choices of bulls = Selecting from performance and progeny tested bulls for AI Lower risk of inbreeding = Reduced chance of genetic issues from close breeding All bulls used for AI are performance and progeny tested = Ensuring quality genetics in the breeding process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat detection is crucial = Key requirement for successful AI process More labour intensive = Increased manual work compared to natural mating Lower conception rates compared to a fertile stock bull = Reduced success rate in impregnation through AI Semen must be stored properly = Necessity for correct preservation of semen for effective AI procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI Straw is thawed in warm water = Preparing the semen for insemination Placing hand into cow’s rectum and guiding the straw through the cervix into the uterus = Directing the semen delivery path during insemination Advantages of AI = Benefits that come with using AI over natural mating methods Embryo Transplantation = Process involving hormone injections to prepare the donor for embryo production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotyping = Controlling traits like milk production and carcass weight through DNA study Embryo Transplantation = Transferring superior quality embryos from donors to females with lower genetic quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inbreeding = Mating of closely related animals to fix desirable traits and create pedigree animals Crossbreeding = Mating of animals from different breeds to inherit favorable genes and improve qualities Selective breeding = Breeding animals or plants with desirable traits to concentrate those traits in offspring Hybrid vigour = Improved qualities in offspring inheriting genes from both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI (Artificial Insemination) = Allows farmers to selectively improve traits like milk yield, fertility, and conformation in their herd Pedigree animals = Animals with known ancestry resulting from inbreeding to fix desirable traits F1 hybrid seed varieties = Produced through crossbreeding to achieve improved qualities over both parents Selective Breeding = Process of concentrating desirable traits in offspring by breeding animals or plants with those traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inbreeding = Increases chances of offspring being affected by undesirable recessive traits but fixes desirable traits like high milk yields in dairy cattle Crossbreeding = Reduces risk of harmful recessive genes and leads to improved qualities over both parents through hybrid vigour Hybrid vigour = Resulting improved qualities in offspring inheriting favorable genes from two different breeds or species Selective breeding = Done to eliminate undesirable traits and concentrate desirable traits in the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI straw preparation = Diluting bull's semen collected for artificial insemination with an extender Milk composition improvement = Trait that farmers might want to improve using artificial insemination in their herd Uniformity among offspring = Achieved through inbreeding to create pedigree animals with known ancestry Desirable recessive traits fixing = Advantageous aspect of inbreeding for certain desired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profitable farm assurance = Importance of selective breeding to concentrate desirable traits for economic success Elimination of undesirable traits = Purpose of selective breeding to improve overall quality by removing unwanted characteristics Artificial Insemination benefits = Allows farmers to target specific areas for improvement like milk yield, fertility, and conformation Hybrid vigour reduction risk = Consequence of subsequent crossing of hybrids even though initial crossbreeding leads to improved qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers