Applied Chemistry CHB-101 Quiz

Sodium hexametaphosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (NaPO3)6. It is used in a variety of applications, including as a water softener, a food additive, and a component of detergents.

Zeolite is a naturally occurring mineral. It absorbs sodium ions, which are present in water. Naturally occurring zeolite does not contain calcium ions, which is a major contributor to water hardness.

Disodium EDTA is a more stable and soluble form of EDTA. It is a chelating agent that forms a complex with calcium and magnesium ions, preventing them from reacting with soap and causing hardness in water.

Scale is a hard, insoluble deposit that forms on the inside of pipes and boilers. Sludge is a soft, loose deposit that forms at the bottom of boilers. These deposits reduce efficiency and can lead to corrosion.

The ion exchange process is a water softening method where hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions is passed through a bed of ion exchange resin, which exchanges these ions with sodium ions. The resin can be regenerated by passing a solution of sodium chloride through it.

Priming is the phenomenon where a pump draws air instead of liquid causing cavitation, a type of noise and damage. Foaming occurs due to excess dissolved gases in water, leading to unstable water levels and decreased efficiency.

Internal conditioning methods aim to control scale and corrosion by adding chemicals to the water while it's flowing. The chemicals can be used to prevent scale formation, disperse sludge, or neutralize corrosive chemicals.

A galvanic cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. This happens through a spontaneous redox reaction, where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, generating an electric current.

Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by using a gel polymer electrolyte. This electrolyte is a viscous gel-like substance that allows for the movement of lithium ions between the battery's electrodes, ensuring efficient charge and discharge cycles.

The Nernst equation relates the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell to the standard electrode potential, the temperature, and the concentrations of the reactants and products involved. It helps predict the EMF change of the cell under non-standard conditions. It's crucial in understanding cell behavior and designing high-performance batteries.

An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy, or vice versa. A typical example is a battery. In a battery, a chemical reaction takes place to create an electrical current. The current flow then depends on the difference in potential between the two electrodes, called the electromotive force (EMF).

The standard cell potential (E°cell) is the difference in standard electrode potential of the anode and cathode under standard conditions. In this case, E°cell = 1.103 V. The Nernst equation can be used to calculate the actual cell potential under the given conditions. The equation is: Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln Q. Where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, n is the number of electrons transferred, F is the Faraday constant, and Q is the reaction quotient.

The Lithium-ion battery uses a lithium compound as the active material in the anode and cathode. It has high energy density, with a long life cycle, and lightweight compared to other battery types. By contrast, Na-ion batteries use sodium compounds, which are more abundant and cheaper than lithium compounds.

Single electrode potential is the potential difference that exists between a metal electrode and its solution containing the corresponding metal ions. It's measured relative to a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), which is assigned a potential of 0.00 V. Understanding single electrode potential helps predict the spontaneity of redox reactions in a cell.

Secondary batteries are rechargeable batteries. They store electrical energy through electrochemical reactions that are reversible. They have a much longer lifespan than primary batteries and can be cycled multiple times. Examples include Li-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries.

Corrosion is the gradual deterioration of a material due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with its environment. It leads to weakening, breakdown, and eventual failure of structures.

Alloys are mixtures of metals or a metal and non-metal. They form stronger and more durable materials with improved properties compared to the individual components. Examples include bronze (copper and tin), brass (copper and zinc), and steel (iron and carbon).

Corrosion is a natural process that leads to the deterioration of materials. It's problematic because it causes damage to structures, reduces their lifespan, and can be expensive to repair. Additionally, it can be hazardous and dangerous.

There are various theories to illustrate corrosion, including: 1. Electrochemical Theory: This theory proposes that corrosion occurs due to the formation of an electrochemical cell between different regions on the metal surface. 2. Chemical Theory: This theory suggests that corrosion is caused by direct chemical reactions between the metal and the surrounding environment. 3. Biologic Theory: This theory attributes corrosion to the action of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, which influence the chemical process and accelerate corrosion.

Electroplating is a process where a thin layer of metal is deposited onto a conductive surface (like a metal or plastic) through electrolysis. It's used to improve appearance, corrosion resistance, and enhance properties of the substrate.

Sacrificial protection is a technique used to prevent corrosion of a metal by attaching a more reactive metal (the sacrificial anode) to the structure to be protected. This sacrificial anode corrodes itself instead of the original metal, acting as a shield against corrosion.

Polymers are large molecules formed by the linkage of repeating structural units called monomers. Many natural and synthetic materials, like rubber, proteins, and plastics, are polymers.

Optical fibers are thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic that transmit light signals over long distances. These fibers are used in communications, medicine, and other fields to transmit information through light pulses.

Nanoparticles are materials with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers. With their small size, they exhibit unique properties like high surface area to volume ratio, increased reactivity, and quantum effects. These lead to diverse applications, including medicine, electronics, and energy.

Electroactive polymers are synthetic materials that change their physical properties, like shape and conductivity, in response to an electrical stimulus. They hold promise for advanced applications like actuators, sensors, and artificial muscles.

Photovoltaic materials are substances that convert light energy directly into electricity. PV materials are used in solar cells to generate renewable energy. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) use a dye molecule to absorb sunlight and create electrical current. This leads to low-cost solar cells that perform well in low light conditions, compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors.

Liquid crystal polymers are polymers that exhibit properties of both liquid and solid crystals. They can be used in display technology, like LCD screens, and also in optical devices thanks to their light-modulating properties.

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It's known for its exceptional strength, conductivity, and flexibility, making it a promising material in electronics, energy storage, and composite materials.

The UV Vis range of the electromagnetic spectrum encompasses wavelengths from 200 to 800 nanometers. It's crucial for identifying and analyzing chemical compounds based on their absorption and transmission of light in this range.

Chromatography is a separation technique that separates components of a mixture based on their different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. It's widely used in analytical chemistry to identify and quantify compounds.

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of 7 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline. For a 0.01 M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the pH is 12.

Beer-Lambert's Law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte and the path length of the light beam through the solution. This relationship is crucial for colorimetric analysis using spectrophotometers.

Conductivitymetry is a technique for analyzing solutions based on their ability to conduct electricity. It measures the electrical conductivity of a solution and relates this to the concentration of ions present. It's used to determine the concentration of electrolytes, analyze water purity, and monitor industrial processes.

IR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify functional groups in molecules. It identifies vibrational modes of molecules and reveals the presence of various bonds, like C-H, C=O, and N-H. It's widely used in characterizing organic molecules, polymers, and inorganic compounds.