Cell Biology Lecture Week 4

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Questions and Answers

What is apoptosis?

A process where cells self-destruct causing damage to neighboring cells

A process where cells self-destruct without causing damage to neighboring cells (correct)

A process where cells migrate to other parts of the body

A process where cells replicate uncontrollably

When was apoptosis first described?

1972 (correct)

1985

1999

1960

What is the role of macrophages after apoptosis?

Clear out cellular debris (correct)

Initiate cell death

Promote cell replication

Cause damage to surrounding cells

Which organism provided significant knowledge about apoptosis?

C.elegans Signup and view all the answers

What are the proteins that initiate apoptosis called in mammals?

Caspasespases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?

Initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves which organelle?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of p53 in apoptosis according to the text?

Activate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis according to the text?

Binding of death signal to a receptor on the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct?

Anabolic pathways are endergonic, while Catabolic pathways are exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To speed up chemical reactions without being consumed Signup and view all the answers

Why are Anabolic pathways referred to as synthetic pathways?

Because they build up more complex compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions in a cell?

It maintains a balance of energy usage in the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metabolic pathways break down complex macromolecules into simpler components?

Catabolic pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to refer to the sum total of all reactions happening in a cell at the same time?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Why do endergonic reactions have a positive DeltaG?

Because they require energy Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction involves the hydrolysis of ATP according to the text?

Exergonic reaction Signup and view all the answers

The structure of ATP is as follows: A central ribose, a nitrogenous base called adenine and three phosphate groups linked by a phosphoanhydride bond.

True Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP does EACH cell in your body use per MINUTE?

1-2 billion Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many POUNDS of ATP do you make each day?

100-200 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxidation in ATP production?

Loss of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose during a highly exergonic reaction?

Oxidized to make ATP Signup and view all the answers

What drives the formation of ATP from glucose oxidation?

Energy released in the process Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death.
Apoptosis was first described in 1972.
After apoptosis, macrophages play a role in removing the dead cells.
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans provided significant knowledge about apoptosis.

Proteins and Pathways

Proteins that initiate apoptosis in mammals are called pro-apoptotic proteins.
Caspases play a role in apoptosis by acting as executioner proteins.
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves the mitochondria.
p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a role in apoptosis by triggering cell death in response to DNA damage.
The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is triggered by the binding of death ligands to death receptors.

Metabolic Pathways

Enzymes play a key role in metabolic pathways by catalyzing reactions.
Anabolic pathways are referred to as synthetic pathways because they build complex molecules from simpler components.
Coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions in a cell allows for the transfer of energy from one reaction to another.
Catabolic pathways break down complex macromolecules into simpler components.
The sum total of all reactions happening in a cell at the same time is referred to as metabolism.
Endergonic reactions have a positive ΔG because they require energy input.
ATP hydrolysis involves the breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate.

ATP Structure and Function

The structure of ATP consists of a central ribose, a nitrogenous base called adenine, and three phosphate groups linked by a phosphoanhydride bond.
Each cell in the body uses approximately 1-2 million ATP molecules per minute.
Approximately 1-2 pounds of ATP are produced per day.
Oxidation plays a key role in ATP production by generating energy through the breakdown of glucose.
During a highly exergonic reaction, glucose is converted into ATP and carbon dioxide.
The energy released from glucose oxidation drives the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi.

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Description

Delve into the concept of apoptosis, a programmed cell death process that plays a crucial role in organism development and maintenance. Learn how cells self-destruct in a controlled manner without causing harm to nearby cells, and explore its significance in both animals and plants.