Apoptosis Function and Importance
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of apoptosis?

  • To reduce energy consumption
  • To increase the size of the organism
  • To destroy cells that are dangerous to the rest of the organism (correct)
  • To allow cells to reproduce more efficiently

Why do scientists study apoptosis intensively?

  • Because it can prevent cancer and lead to diseases if problematic (correct)
  • Because it is a cure for cancer
  • Because it is a natural process
  • Because it only occurs in humans

What happens when a cell's DNA is badly damaged?

  • The cell becomes stronger
  • The cell transforms into a cancer cell
  • The cell reproduces itself
  • The cell triggers apoptosis pathways (correct)

What is a challenge in developing drugs to induce apoptosis in cancer cells?

<p>Ensuring the drugs only affect cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when essential genes required for apoptosis are damaged?

<p>Apoptosis may be unable to occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a beneficial outcome of apoptosis?

<p>Destruction of pre-cancerous cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when damaged cells do not undergo apoptosis?

<p>The cell becomes cancerous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is apoptosis an important evolutionary adaptation?

<p>Because it allows organisms to eliminate damaged cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the science of biochemistry?

<p>The correlation between the structure of natural molecules and their activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a biomarker?

<p>An indicator of a physiological or pathological state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calmodulin?

<p>To act as a regulator or effector molecule in various cellular functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of the increased levels of carbon in the Earth's systems?

<p>Human activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which autotrophic organisms use carbon dioxide?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess carbon dioxide being absorbed by the ocean?

<p>Ocean acidification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life?

<p>Cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of troponin C in the cell?

<p>Calcium-binding protein involved in muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy storage molecule in cells?

<p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anabolic reactions in cells?

<p>To combine simple precursors into complex molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chromogen in microbiology?

<p>To identify specific bacteria in a culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CRISPR/Cas9 system?

<p>To protect against foreign genetic elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between coenzymes and cofactors?

<p>Coenzymes are chemically different from cofactors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do catabolic and anabolic pathways often inhibit each other?

<p>To decrease the chance of undoing each other's progress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of catabolic reactions breaking down nutrients and food?

<p>An increase in ATP concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of separating metabolic pathways into different organelles in eukaryotes?

<p>To decrease the chance of undoing each other's progress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of coenzyme A in initiating fatty acid production?

<p>Forming the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the electron transport chain in relation to ATP?

<p>The release of energy and phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of coenzymes in most organisms?

<p>Vitamin intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of non-vitamin coenzymes in an organism?

<p>Aiding in chemical transfer for enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between coenzymes and vitamins?

<p>Most coenzymes are derived from vitamins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of insufficient vitamin intake on coenzyme production?

<p>Impaired coenzyme production and catalysis of reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in an organism?

<p>Transporting energy and substances within a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between coenzyme A and vitamin B5?

<p>Coenzyme A is derived from vitamin B5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which fungi obtain nutrients from their environment?

<p>By rapidly increasing the size of their mycelium through elongation and branching of hyphae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fungus that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter?

<p>Saprobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fermentation in terms of ATP production?

<p>A net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rhizomorphs in fungi?

<p>To tether the fungus to the substrate and obtain nutrients from other sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of fermentation and its practical uses?

<p>Zymology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the metabolic process of fermentation?

<p>The conversion of organic molecules into acids, gases, or alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism?

<p>To obtain nutrients from other sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a symbiotic association between a fungus and an animal that photosynthesizes?

<p>Lichen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.

Apoptosis and Cancer Prevention

Apoptosis plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by eliminating damaged cells that could become cancerous.

Apoptosis and DNA Damage

Damaged DNA triggers apoptosis pathways, preventing the spread of mutations.

Apoptosis and Disease

Apoptosis can lead to diseases if it is not functioning properly, allowing damaged cells to survive and potentially cause problems.

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Biochemistry

The study of biochemistry focuses on the relationship between the structure of natural molecules and their activity within living organisms.

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Biomarker

A biomarker is a measurable indicator that reflects the state of a biological process in an organism.

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Calmodulin

Calmodulin is a protein that acts as a regulator, influencing various cellular processes by binding to calcium.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy storage molecule in cells, used for many cellular processes.

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Anabolic Reactions

Anabolic reactions are metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Chromogen

A chromogen is a dye used in microbiology to differentiate and identify specific bacteria in a culture.

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CRISPR/Cas9 System

The CRISPR/Cas9 system acts as a cellular defense mechanism against foreign genetic elements like viruses and bacteria.

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Catabolic Reactions

Catabolic reactions are metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Coenzyme

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions, often derived from vitamins.

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Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is involved in the initiation of fatty acid production and other metabolic processes.

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Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that generate ATP by transferring electrons.

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Fungal Nutrient Acquisition

Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes that break down organic matter, which they can then absorb.

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Saprobe

A fungus that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter, playing an important role in decomposition.

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Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates into energy without oxygen, producing by-products like alcohol or acids.

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Rhizomorphs

Rhizomorphs are root-like structures that help fungi obtain nutrients from a wider range of sources.

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Zymology

Zymology is the scientific study of fermentation processes and their applications, including in food production.

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Lichen

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, such as an alga or cyanobacterium.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and some bacteria use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy (sugar) and oxygen.

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Cell

The primary function of a cell, the basic unit of life.

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Troponin C

Troponin C is a calcium-binding protein that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction.

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Human Impact on Carbon Levels

Humans are the main driver of increased carbon levels in the Earth's systems due to activities like fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

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Ocean Acidification

The ocean absorbs excess carbon dioxide, resulting in a decrease in pH, known as ocean acidification.

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Cofactor

Cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity, often metals or metal ions.

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Coenzyme vs Cofactor

The difference between coenzymes and cofactors lies in their chemical nature: Coenzymes are organic molecules, while cofactors are inorganic molecules.

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