Apoptosis Function and Importance

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What is the primary function of apoptosis?

To reduce energy consumption

To increase the size of the organism

To destroy cells that are dangerous to the rest of the organism (correct)

To allow cells to reproduce more efficiently

Why do scientists study apoptosis intensively?

Because it can prevent cancer and lead to diseases if problematic (correct)

Because it is a cure for cancer

Because it is a natural process

Because it only occurs in humans

What happens when a cell's DNA is badly damaged?

The cell becomes stronger

The cell transforms into a cancer cell

The cell reproduces itself

The cell triggers apoptosis pathways (correct)

What is a challenge in developing drugs to induce apoptosis in cancer cells?

Ensuring the drugs only affect cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when essential genes required for apoptosis are damaged?

Apoptosis may be unable to occur Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a beneficial outcome of apoptosis?

Destruction of pre-cancerous cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when damaged cells do not undergo apoptosis?

The cell becomes cancerous Signup and view all the answers

Why is apoptosis an important evolutionary adaptation?

Because it allows organisms to eliminate damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the science of biochemistry?

The correlation between the structure of natural molecules and their activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a biomarker?

An indicator of a physiological or pathological state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calmodulin?

To act as a regulator or effector molecule in various cellular functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of the increased levels of carbon in the Earth's systems?

Human activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which autotrophic organisms use carbon dioxide?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess carbon dioxide being absorbed by the ocean?

Ocean acidification Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life?

Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of troponin C in the cell?

Calcium-binding protein involved in muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy storage molecule in cells?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anabolic reactions in cells?

To combine simple precursors into complex molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chromogen in microbiology?

To identify specific bacteria in a culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CRISPR/Cas9 system?

To protect against foreign genetic elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between coenzymes and cofactors?

Coenzymes are chemically different from cofactors Signup and view all the answers

Why do catabolic and anabolic pathways often inhibit each other?

To decrease the chance of undoing each other's progress Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of catabolic reactions breaking down nutrients and food?

An increase in ATP concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of separating metabolic pathways into different organelles in eukaryotes?

To decrease the chance of undoing each other's progress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of coenzyme A in initiating fatty acid production?

Forming the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the electron transport chain in relation to ATP?

The release of energy and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of coenzymes in most organisms?

Vitamin intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of non-vitamin coenzymes in an organism?

Aiding in chemical transfer for enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between coenzymes and vitamins?

Most coenzymes are derived from vitamins Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of insufficient vitamin intake on coenzyme production?

Impaired coenzyme production and catalysis of reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in an organism?

Transporting energy and substances within a cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between coenzyme A and vitamin B5?

Coenzyme A is derived from vitamin B5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which fungi obtain nutrients from their environment?

By rapidly increasing the size of their mycelium through elongation and branching of hyphae Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fungus that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter?

Saprobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fermentation in terms of ATP production?

A net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rhizomorphs in fungi?

To tether the fungus to the substrate and obtain nutrients from other sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of fermentation and its practical uses?

Zymology Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the metabolic process of fermentation?

The conversion of organic molecules into acids, gases, or alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism?

To obtain nutrients from other sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a symbiotic association between a fungus and an animal that photosynthesizes?

Lichen Signup and view all the answers