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Questions and Answers

What type of tumors are known to originate during intrauterine life?

  • Embryonal tumors (correct)
  • Sarcomas
  • Leukemias
  • Lymphomas
  • Which risk factor is associated with a higher chance of cancer in childhood?

  • Ionizing radiation (correct)
  • Exposure to allergens
  • Living in urban environments
  • Consuming organic food
  • Which of the following is NOT a common childhood cancer?

  • Melanoma (correct)
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Retinoblastoma
  • Lymphoma
  • What is a significant factor associated with breast cancer risk in women according to studies?

    <p>Hormone Replacement Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic alteration is primarily associated with cancer development?

    <p>Alterations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are classified as biochemical markers for tumors?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prerequisite for metastasis in cancer progression?

    <p>Invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes the spread of cancer from its primary site to distant sites?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the metastatic process?

    <p>Cell duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cancer cells evolve to migrate and survive in foreign microenvironments?

    <p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lytic enzymes play in cancer invasion?

    <p>Break down surrounding tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence organ tropism in cancer cells?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the metastatic process is true?

    <p>Metastasis occurs via lymphatic and vascular systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the loss of differentiation in cancer cells?

    <p>Anaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

    <p>Invasive nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows cancer cells to develop a selective growth advantage?

    <p>Clonal proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oncogenes in cancer development?

    <p>They drive abnormal cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the stages of cancer development?

    <p>Tumor suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of poorly differentiated cancer cells?

    <p>High mitotic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes genetic mutations in cancer?

    <p>A critical number of mutations is needed for cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proto-oncogenes in normal cells?

    <p>To regulate normal cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic inflammation contribute to the development of cancer?

    <p>By promoting conditions favorable for tumor growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) play in cancer progression?

    <p>Promoting tumor survival and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of tumor markers indicate?

    <p>Potential risk for developing cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene?

    <p>Oncogenes are mutated versions of normal genes that promote cancer, whereas anti-oncogenes prevent it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells achieve replicative immortality?

    <p>Through the activation of telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the TNM staging system primarily evaluate?

    <p>Extent of tumor spread and metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is angiogenesis's role in cancer development?

    <p>It facilitates the growth and spread of cancer by creating a blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might mutagen exposure affect future generations in terms of cancer risk?

    <p>Exposure in somatic cells can also transmit risks through epigenetic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Increased risk of stomach cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized carcinogen linked to increased cancer risk?

    <p>Tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following options, which dietary factor can increase cancer risk?

    <p>Excessive consumption of fried foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer?

    <p>Human papilloma virus (HPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor is associated with increased cancer risk in women who use oral contraceptives?

    <p>Increased breast cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does obesity have on cancer risk?

    <p>Increases risk of multiple types of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental exposure is linked to an increased risk of lung cancer?

    <p>Passive smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

    <p>Human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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