Questions and Answers
Which Native American civilization is known for its astronomical observations and pyramids?
Who conquered the Mayan civilization?
Spanish
What was the primary crop grown by the Aztecs?
What was the center of the Inca Empire?
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What are chinampas?
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What civilization influenced much of Mesoamerica and was claimed by the Aztecs?
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What term refers to nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula?
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Which city is known as the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad?
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What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?
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What does the Quran represent in Islam?
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What does 'Umma' refer to in Islam?
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What is Shari'a?
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What does Jihad mean?
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Sunni Muslims accept the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad.
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Shi'ite Muslims regard Ali as the legitimate successor to Muhammad.
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What is meant by Dar al Islam?
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What does 'people of the book' refer to?
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Who is considered the head of the Roman Catholic Church?
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What is Charlemagne known for?
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What was the Black Plague?
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What was the main impact of the Hundred Years War?
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What does feudalism refer to?
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What is monasticism?
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Study Notes
Mesoamerican Civilizations
- Mayas: Flourished in Mexico and Northern Central America until around 1600; known for astronomical observations, advanced calendars, hieroglyphics, and pyramids.
- Aztecs: Established in the Valley of Mexico by 1300; engaged in warfare for conquest; practiced polytheism and human sacrifices to appease the sun god.
- Incas: Notable civilization in western South America with a stronghold in present-day Peru; empire conquered by Francisco Pizarro.
Notable Civilization Practices
- Chinampas: Innovative floating gardens used by Aztecs for agriculture.
- Moche Civilization: Flourished on the north coast of Peru from 200-700 CE, with advanced irrigation systems and brick temples.
- Toltecs: Influential postclassic empire in central Mexico from 900 to 1168 CE, claimed as ancestors by the Aztecs.
Islamic World
- Bedouins: Nomadic pastoralists in the Arabian Peninsula; early adopters of Islam.
- Mecca: Birthplace of Prophet Muhammad and central site of Islamic rituals.
- Medina: City where Muhammad migrated in 622 CE to escape persecution; significant in Islamic history.
- Kaaba: Most sacred shrine in Islam, located in Mecca, shaped like a cube.
Founding of Islam
- Muhammad: Founder of Islam, considered the last Prophet; received divine revelations from the angel Gabriel.
- 5 Pillars of Islam: Core practices of the faith include declaration of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Quran: Sacred text composed of revelations given to Muhammad from 610 to 632 CE.
Islamic Community and Governance
- Umma: The global Muslim community extending from Mauritania to Pakistan.
- Shari'a: Divine law derived from the Quran and Hadith, dictating all aspects of Muslim life.
- Jihad: Holy struggle for moral, spiritual, or political goals.
Division in Islam
- Sunni: Major branch of Islam supporting the first four caliphs as rightful leaders.
- Shi'ite: Branch that recognizes Ali as legitimate successor to Muhammad, rejecting earlier caliphs.
Historical Context and Religious Impact
- Dar al Islam: Refers to lands under Islamic rule.
- "People of the Book": Term Muslims use for Jews and Christians, acknowledging their monotheistic beliefs.
- Caliph: Religious and political successor to Muhammad in the Muslim community.
- Sufis: Mystical group within Islam seeking closeness to God through various spiritual practices.
Chinese Advances and Dynasties
- Grand Canal: Major waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers; crucial for trade and transport.
- Equal Field System: Land allocation system in China based on fertility and need.
- Empress Wu: Only woman to rule China in her own name; expanded the empire and promoted Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.
- Neo-Confucianism: Fusion of Confucian and Buddhist ideas, maintaining a core Confucian philosophy.
Innovations and Cultural Practices
- Magnetic Compass: Invention aiding navigation by indicating direction.
- Flying Money: Early form of credit in China, reducing risks of robbery during trade.
- Foot Binding: Cultural practice in China to restrict women's movement by altering foot size.
Japanese Feudal System
- Feudalism: Political and social system where nobles offered land and protection in exchange for loyalty and service.
- Shogun: Hereditary military leader in Japan.
- Daimyo: Feudal lords in Japan commanding private armies of samurai.
- Samurai: Warriors constituting Japan's feudal military aristocracy.
Cultural and Religious Movements
- Shinto: Japanese religion focusing on divine spirits in nature.
- Zen Buddhism: Emphasizes meditation and intuition for enlightenment rather than faith.
- Vikings: Seafaring people from Scandinavia known for raids across northern and western Europe (8th-10th centuries).
European Historical Context
- Norman Conquest: Events in 1066 where Norman forces invaded and ruled England.
- Seljuk Turks: Nomadic group that conquered Baghdad in 1055; allowed the caliph to retain a religious role.
- Eastern Orthodoxy: Branch of Christianity rejecting papal authority, significant in church history.
Church and Society in Medieval Europe
- Roman Catholic Church: Key branch of Christianity forming from the Roman Empire's division.
- Pope: Leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
- Patriarch: Heads of Eastern Orthodox Churches.
- Iconoclast Movement: Controversy surrounding the use of religious images in worship.
Key Figures and Events
- Charlemagne: Frankish king who expanded his realm and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800.
- Serfs: Peasants bound to the land, providing labor in exchange for protection.
- Manor: Large estate ruled by a lord.
- Fief: Land granted to vassals in exchange for loyalty.
Chivalry and Guilds
- Chivalry: Code of conduct for knights emphasizing bravery and loyalty.
- Monasticism: Way of life where individuals withdraw to devote themselves to faith.
- Syncretism: Blending of multiple religious traditions.
- Guild: Medieval association of craftsmen or tradespeople.
Renaissance and Wars
- Florence: Renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Crusades: Military campaigns to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims (11th-13th centuries).
- Pope Urban II: Called for the Crusades, urging Christians to reclaim the Holy Land.
- Black Plague: Devastating disease that killed one-third of Europe’s population, leading to the decline of feudalism.
- Hundred Years War: Prolonged conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453, ending English territorial claims.
Social Issues
- Anti-Semitism: Prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people.
- The Great Schism: Division between papal authority and authority of the different Christian churches, leading to multiple claimants to the papacy.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key civilizations from Unit 3 of AP World History. This quiz covers pivotal cultures like the Mayas and Aztecs, focusing on their contributions and historical significance. Ideal for students preparing for exams or reviews.
