AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The determining factor for jati classification was _________

their occupation

What are the two main reasons the Aryans and the Dravidians were in frequent conflict?

resources and land

What did the Aryans call their governing leader?

Raja

Some smaller, subordinate ________ continued to exist even after Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro collapsed.

cities Signup and view all the answers

Caste distinctions were based primarily on _________

occupation and societal role Signup and view all the answers

The Upanishads were __________

a collection of religious writings from the Vedic age Signup and view all the answers

The Aryan god Varuna presided over ______

morals, ethics, and virtues Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of the Aryans after the decline of Harappan society?

They herded animals and were nomadic Signup and view all the answers

The land of the Harappans experienced the erosion of top soil and reduced amounts of rainfall due to ________

deforestation Signup and view all the answers

Items acquired from Mesopotamia by Harappan traders included ______

wool, leather, and olive oil Signup and view all the answers

What kind of government did the Aryans maintain?

multiple decentralized chiefdoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Nile River and the Indus River are correct? (Select all that apply)

The Harappan society depended on the Indus River. Signup and view all the answers

Social mobility within the caste system could occur if people _________

moved to a new area &/or started working in new occupations Signup and view all the answers

What does the word Veda mean?

wisdom and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

The name of the Upanishads comes from a term meaning 'a sitting in front of' which refers to ________

disciples gathering before a sage for a discussion of religious issues Signup and view all the answers

In trades with other peoples, the Harappan people offered __________

pottery, tools, and decorative items Signup and view all the answers

The Aryan god of war and weather was _______

Indra Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 likely reasons for the decline of Harappan society?

ecological degradation, and natural disaster Signup and view all the answers

When the Aryan people began to cultivate _______, instead of wheat and barley, their population increased.

rice Signup and view all the answers

The higher goal for the Upanishad believers was for the individual soul to escape the physical world by _______

uniting with the universal soul Signup and view all the answers

The Upanishad idea that after individuals die, their souls go temporarily to the World of Fathers and return to earth in a new form is known as ________

samsara Signup and view all the answers

The authors of the Upanishads wrote that the believer achieved moksha, a deep and dreamless sleep, by practicing ________

sacrifice and meditation Signup and view all the answers

Expulsion from one's caste or jati could result in ________

community shunning Signup and view all the answers

Because the Upanishads believed in respect for all living things, many Indians adopted

vegetarianism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were not a feature of the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro?

Palaces Signup and view all the answers

In what form are most of the surviving examples of Harappan writing?

seals Signup and view all the answers

As they settled into a more permanent, agricultural lifestyle, the Aryans dropped the ________ form of political organization that they had brought with them into India.

tribal Signup and view all the answers

The Aryans used horses primarily for ______

transportation and war Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following prompted the refinement in social distinction that developed into the caste system?

interactions between the Aryans and the indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

After the decline of Harappan civilization, farmers in the Indus Valley continued to cultivate wheat, barley, and _______

cotton Signup and view all the answers

Trade, travel, and communication among the cities of Harappan society were made easier by the ______

Indus River Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features have not been identified in archaeological excavations of Harappan houses of the wealthy?

religious shrines Signup and view all the answers

Who was Manu?

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Jati and Caste System

Jati classification was determined primarily by occupation.
Caste distinctions were based on occupation and societal roles.
Social mobility within the caste system was possible through relocation and new occupations.

Aryans and Dravidians

Frequent conflicts between Aryans and Dravidians stemmed from competition for resources and land.
Aryans were nomadic, herding animals while establishing multiple decentralized chiefdoms.

Governance and Society

Aryan leaders held the title "Raja."
After the collapse of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, smaller, subordinate cities persisted.

Religious Texts and Beliefs

The Upanishads are collections of religious writings from the Vedic age that highlight spiritual discussions.
The term "Veda" translates to wisdom and knowledge, emphasizing its significance to priests.
Key belief included achieving moksha, or liberation, through unity with the universal soul.

Environment and Agriculture

Deforestation led to erosion of topsoil and reduced rainfall affecting the Harappans.
Harappan trade included items like wool, leather, and olive oil from Mesopotamia.
After the decline of Harappan society, agriculture continued with crops like rice and cotton.

Rivers and Agriculture

Egyptian society relied heavily on the Nile River; Harappan society depended on the Indus River.
Both rivers were essential for agriculture, enabling the growth of civilizations.

Cultural Practices

Respect for living beings led many Indians to adopt vegetarianism.
Expulsion from one's caste could result in community shunning.

Decline of Harappan Civilization

Decline likely caused by ecological degradation and natural disasters.
Indus River facilitated trade, travel, and communication among Harappan cities.

Archeological Insights

Remaining evidence of Harappan writing is primarily found in seals.
Features not found in Harappan cities include palaces and religious shrines.

Manu's Significance

Manu is a significant figure in Hindu tradition, often associated with laws and societal norms.

Miscellaneous Facts

Aryan god Varuna oversaw morals, ethics, and virtues; Indra was the god of war and weather.
The Upanishads introduced concepts such as samsara, the cycle of rebirth after death, and the importance of meditation for spiritual growth.

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Test your knowledge of Chapter 4 from AP World History with these flashcards. This chapter covers important themes such as jati classification, the conflicts between Aryans and Dravidians, and the governance structure of early societies. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding of ancient civilizations.