Questions and Answers
What was the Council of Trent?
What is cassava?
The edible starchy tuberous root of the manioc plant.
Who were the philosophes?
French Enlightenment social philosophers.
What is empirical research?
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Define deism.
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What is flax?
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What was the Catholic Reformation?
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What was the Commercial Revolution?
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What is a harquebus?
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What was the purpose of the Encyclopedie?
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What does heliocentric theory state?
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What is an indulgence?
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What are laissez-faire economics?
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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What are natural laws?
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What are the ninety-five theses?
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Define the Northern Renaissance.
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What is predestination?
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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What was the Protestant Reformation?
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What is the Gutenberg Bible?
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Define a factor in early Russia.
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What was the Northwest Passage?
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What is the Wealth of Nations?
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What was the Thirty Years' War?
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Study Notes
Religious Reformations and Movements
- The Council of Trent was convened by Pope Paul III to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformation and establish Catholic doctrine.
- The Catholic Reformation reaffirmed Catholic beliefs, promoting education and reform in response to Protestant criticisms.
- Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses, published in 1517, sparked theological debates that led to the Protestant Reformation, forming new Christian denominations.
- John Calvin’s doctrine of Predestination posited that God predetermined who would achieve salvation or damnation.
Socio-Economic Changes
- The Commercial Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries marked the expansion of trade and commerce throughout Europe.
- Laissez-faire economics advocates minimal government intervention in business and industry.
- Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (1776) laid the foundation for modern economics and defended free market policies.
Scientific Advancement
- The Scientific Revolution of the 16th century marked a significant intellectual movement that established the fundamentals of modern science.
- The Heliocentric theory proposed that the sun is the center of the universe, challenging traditional geocentric views.
Cultural Developments
- The Northern Renaissance extended the Italian Renaissance's themes to Northern Europe but adopted a more religious focus.
- Philosophes were key figures of the French Enlightenment, influencing social and philosophical thought.
- The Encyclopédie, published between 1751 and 1766, compiled a vast amount of knowledge and critiqued existing institutions, advocating for religious tolerance.
Agricultural References
- Cassava, a major carbohydrate source, is cultivated in tropical regions for its starchy tuberous root.
- Flax, or linseed, was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and has been utilized for making fabric, paper, and other products.
Conflict and Exploration
- The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) involved German Protestants and their allies, reflecting the intense religious conflicts of the period.
- The Northwest Passage was a sought-after trade route through North America that early explorers hoped would connect to the East.
- The Harquebus, a 15th-century matchlock gun, was an early firearm contributing to military advancements.
Key Historical Documents
- An indulgence was a Church document that allegedly granted forgiveness of sins upon purchase.
- The Gutenberg Bible, printed in the 15th century, was the first printed Latin Vulgate version, marking the beginning of mass communication through print.
Exchange and Interaction
- The Columbian Exchange facilitated the transfer of crops, livestock, diseases, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after Columbus’ voyages.
- Natural laws refer to principles that govern the physical world and form the basis for scientific inquiry.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP World History Chapter 3.2. Explore key terms and concepts including the Council of Trent, cassava, and the philosophes. Perfect for students preparing for their AP exams.