AP World History 3.2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What was the Council of Trent?

A Protestant reform organization

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders (correct)

A scientific conference

An economic summit

What is cassava?

The edible starchy tuberous root of the manioc plant.

Who were the philosophes?

French Enlightenment social philosophers.

What is empirical research?

Research based on the collection of data. Signup and view all the answers

Define deism.

The belief in a deity who created the world and allows it to operate by natural laws. Signup and view all the answers

What is flax?

A plant grown for its seeds and fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Catholic Reformation?

A religious reform movement within the Catholic Church. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Commercial Revolution?

The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Signup and view all the answers

What is a harquebus?

A heavy portable matchlock gun invented in the 15th century. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Encyclopedie?

To cover everything known about sciences, technology, and history. Signup and view all the answers

What does heliocentric theory state?

That the sun is the center of the universe. Signup and view all the answers

What is an indulgence?

A document said to grant forgiveness of sins. Signup and view all the answers

What are laissez-faire economics?

An economic concept advocating minimal government interference. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Signup and view all the answers

What are natural laws?

Principles that govern nature. Signup and view all the answers

What are the ninety-five theses?

A document by Martin Luther challenging Church teachings on indulgences. Signup and view all the answers

Define the Northern Renaissance.

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to northern Europe with a more religious nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is predestination?

The belief that God has chosen some people for heaven and others for hell. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A European intellectual movement establishing the basis for modern science. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A religious movement aiming to reform the Catholic Church. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Gutenberg Bible?

A printed version of the Latin Vulgate Bible. Signup and view all the answers

Define a factor in early Russia.

An agent with trade privileges. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Northwest Passage?

A passage through North America sought for trade with the East. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Wealth of Nations?

A work by Adam Smith that defended free market policies. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Thirty Years' War?

A war from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Religious Reformations and Movements

The Council of Trent was convened by Pope Paul III to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformation and establish Catholic doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation reaffirmed Catholic beliefs, promoting education and reform in response to Protestant criticisms.
Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses, published in 1517, sparked theological debates that led to the Protestant Reformation, forming new Christian denominations.
John Calvin’s doctrine of Predestination posited that God predetermined who would achieve salvation or damnation.

Socio-Economic Changes

The Commercial Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries marked the expansion of trade and commerce throughout Europe.
Laissez-faire economics advocates minimal government intervention in business and industry.
Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (1776) laid the foundation for modern economics and defended free market policies.

Scientific Advancement

The Scientific Revolution of the 16th century marked a significant intellectual movement that established the fundamentals of modern science.
The Heliocentric theory proposed that the sun is the center of the universe, challenging traditional geocentric views.

Cultural Developments

The Northern Renaissance extended the Italian Renaissance's themes to Northern Europe but adopted a more religious focus.
Philosophes were key figures of the French Enlightenment, influencing social and philosophical thought.
The Encyclopédie, published between 1751 and 1766, compiled a vast amount of knowledge and critiqued existing institutions, advocating for religious tolerance.

Agricultural References

Cassava, a major carbohydrate source, is cultivated in tropical regions for its starchy tuberous root.
Flax, or linseed, was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and has been utilized for making fabric, paper, and other products.

Conflict and Exploration

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) involved German Protestants and their allies, reflecting the intense religious conflicts of the period.
The Northwest Passage was a sought-after trade route through North America that early explorers hoped would connect to the East.
The Harquebus, a 15th-century matchlock gun, was an early firearm contributing to military advancements.

Key Historical Documents

An indulgence was a Church document that allegedly granted forgiveness of sins upon purchase.
The Gutenberg Bible, printed in the 15th century, was the first printed Latin Vulgate version, marking the beginning of mass communication through print.

Exchange and Interaction

The Columbian Exchange facilitated the transfer of crops, livestock, diseases, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after Columbus’ voyages.
Natural laws refer to principles that govern the physical world and form the basis for scientific inquiry.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP World History Chapter 3.2. Explore key terms and concepts including the Council of Trent, cassava, and the philosophes. Perfect for students preparing for their AP exams.