AP Psychology Modules 74-80 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is social psychology?

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

What is attribution theory?

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

What is fundamental attribution error?

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

What is an attitude?

<p>Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peripheral route persuasion?

<p>Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is central route persuasion?

<p>Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is foot in the door phenomenon?

<p>The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a role in social psychology?

<p>A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

<p>The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity?

<p>Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normative social influence?

<p>Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is informational social influence?

<p>Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

<p>Improved performance of tasks because of the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

<p>The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividuation?

<p>The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

<p>The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink?

<p>The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture?

<p>The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people that is transmitted from one generation to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a norm?

<p>An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

<p>An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

<p>A generalized belief about a group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

<p>An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup?

<p>'Us' - people with whom one shares a common identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is outgroup?

<p>'Them' - those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup bias?

<p>The tendency to favor one's own group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scapegoat theory?

<p>The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other-race effect?

<p>The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aggression?

<p>Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

<p>The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger which can generate aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social script?

<p>A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mere exposure effect?

<p>The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passionate love?

<p>An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is companionate love?

<p>The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is equity in relationships?

<p>A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-disclosure?

<p>Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is altruism?

<p>Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

<p>The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social exchange theory?

<p>The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocity norm?

<p>An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-responsibility norm?

<p>An expectation that people will help those needing their help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conflict in social psychology?

<p>A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social trap?

<p>A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mirror-image perceptions?

<p>Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

<p>A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are superordinate goals?

<p>Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is GRIT?

<p>Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Attribution Theory

A theory explaining why people behave the way they do by attributing their actions to either internal or external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate the role of personal traits and underestimate situational influences when explaining others' behavior.

Attitude

Emotional responses shaped by beliefs and experiences that guide an individual's reactions to various stimuli.

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Peripheral Route Persuasion

Persuasion that focuses on superficial cues, like the attractiveness of the source, to influence an individual's response.

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Central Route Persuasion

Influence that relies on thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence, leading to a more enduring change in attitudes.

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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

A phenomenon where people are more likely to agree to larger requests after first accepting smaller ones.

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Role

Socially defined expectations and norms associated with individuals occupying specific roles within a group.

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Cognitive Dissonance

The state of discomfort experienced when an individual holds conflicting thoughts or beliefs.

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Conformity

The tendency to adjust thoughts or behaviors to align with group norms.

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Normative Social Influence

Conformity driven by the desire for social approval and acceptance within a group.

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Informational Social Influence

Conformity based on accepting others' views as valid information, shaping one's own perspective.

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Social Facilitation

Enhanced performance on tasks when others are present.

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Social Loafing

Reduced effort in a group setting compared to individual effort.

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Deindividuation

A state of reduced self-awareness in group situations, leading to diminished personal responsibility and accountability.

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Group Polarization

Group discussions tend to enhance prevailing beliefs or attitudes, leading to more extreme positions.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where group harmony overrides critical thinking and leads to poor decision-making, neglecting alternative viewpoints.

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Culture

The shared customs, beliefs, and values passed down through generations within a group.

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Norm

Implicit rules that guide acceptable behaviors within a social context.

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Prejudice

Negative attitudes towards groups, fueled by stereotypes and emotional responses.

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Stereotype

Overgeneralized beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group, often inaccurate and harmful.

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Discrimination

Unfair actions taken against individuals based solely on their group membership.

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Ingroup

The 'us,' representing shared identity, commonalities, and solidarity within a group.

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Outgroup

The 'them,' perceived as different or distinct from one's own group.

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Ingroup Bias

A preference for one's own group over other groups.

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Scapegoat Theory

A psychological explanation suggesting that prejudice can serve as an outlet for anger and frustration by blaming an outgroup for problems.

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Other-Race Effect

The enhanced ability to recognize faces of one's own race compared to others.

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Aggression

Any intentional act of harm or destruction towards others, either physically or verbally.

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Frustration-Aggression Principle

A principle suggesting that frustration, caused by a blocked goal, can lead to an increased likelihood of aggression.

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Social Script

Guidelines for behavior in specific social situations, shaped by cultural expectations.

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Mere Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to a stimulus, even if initially neutral, can lead to increased liking of it.

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Passionate Love

An intense emotional state experienced early in romantic relationships, characterized by passion and excitement.

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Companionate Love

A deep emotional connection and affectionate bond developed over time in long-term relationships, based on trust, respect, and intimacy.

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Equity

A perception of fairness and balance in relationships, where both parties receive benefits proportional to their investments.

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Self-Disclosure

The act of sharing personal and intimate information with others, fostering deeper connections.

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Altruism

Genuine concern for the welfare of others, without seeking personal gain or reward.

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Bystander Effect

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

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Social Exchange Theory

A theory suggesting that social interactions are based on a cost-benefit analysis, maximizing gains and minimizing losses.

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Reciprocity Norm

The expectation that favors and help will be reciprocated in social exchanges.

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Social-Responsibility Norm

A sense of responsibility to help those in need, regardless of personal gain.

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Conflict

A perceived incompatibility or clash among actions, goals, or beliefs.

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Social Trap

A situation where pursuing individual self-interest can lead to collective destruction.

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Mirror-Image Perceptions

When two conflicting parties view each other with hostility and negative perceptions based on their own self-perception.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations that lead to behavior that confirms those expectations.

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Superordinate Goals

Cooperative goals that require joint effort and collaboration to achieve, uniting conflicting parties.

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GRIT

Strategies aimed at reducing tension through gradual and reciprocated initiatives.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology Concepts

  • Social Psychology: Scientific study of interpersonal perceptions, influences, and relationships among individuals.
  • Attribution Theory: Framework for explaining behaviors by attributing them to either situational factors or personal traits.
  • Fundamental Attribution Error: Observers tend to underestimate situational influences while overestimating personal dispositions when analyzing others' behavior.

Attitudes and Persuasion

  • Attitude: Emotional responses shaped by beliefs, guiding how individuals react to various stimuli.
  • Peripheral Route Persuasion: Influence through superficial cues, such as the attractiveness of a speaker.
  • Central Route Persuasion: Influence through thoughtful consideration of arguments leading to favorable responses.

Behavioral Phenomena

  • Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: People are more likely to agree to larger requests after they have first accepted smaller ones.
  • Role: Expectations and norms that dictate appropriate behavior for individuals in specific social positions.

Cognitive Dissonance

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Discomfort from conflicting thoughts leads individuals to modify attitudes to achieve consistency.

Conformity and Influence

  • Conformity: The adjustment of thoughts or behaviors to align with group norms.
  • Normative Social Influence: Desire for social approval leads individuals to conform.
  • Informational Social Influence: Acceptance of others' views as valid, shaping personal perspectives.

Group Dynamics

  • Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance in tasks when others are present.
  • Social Loafing: Reduced effort in group settings compared to individual effort.
  • Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in group situations leading to diminished personal accountability.
  • Group Polarization: Group discussions enhance prevailing beliefs or attitudes.
  • Groupthink: Desire for group harmony can lead to poor decision-making and neglect of alternative viewpoints.

Cultural and Social Norms

  • Culture: Collective behaviors, ideas, and values passed through generations.
  • Norm: Implicit rules guiding acceptable behaviors within social contexts.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Prejudice: Negative attitudes towards groups based on stereotypes and emotional responses.
  • Stereotype: Overgeneralized belief about characteristics of a particular group.
  • Discrimination: Unjust actions taken against individuals based on their group membership.

Group Identification

  • Ingroup: The "us," reflecting shared identity and solidarity.
  • Outgroup: The "them," perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.
  • Ingroup Bias: Favoritism towards one’s own group.

Conflict and Perceptions

  • Scapegoat Theory: Prejudice serves as an outlet for anger by blaming an outgroup for problems.
  • Other-Race Effect: Enhanced ability to recognize faces of one’s own race compared to others.
  • Aggression: Intentional harm or destruction, physical or verbal in nature.
  • Frustration-Aggression Principle: Blocking of a goal leads to frustration, which may manifest as aggression.

Social Influence in Relationships

  • Social Script: Guidelines for behavior in specific social situations, informed by cultural norms.
  • Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure increases liking of previously unrecognized stimuli.

Types of Love and Relationship Dynamics

  • Passionate Love: Intense emotional state early in romantic relationships.
  • Companionate Love: Deep emotional connection and companionship developed over time.
  • Equity: Balance in receiving benefits in relationships based on investment.

Altruism and Prosocial Behavior

  • Self-Disclosure: Sharing personal and intimate information with others.
  • Altruism: Genuine concern for others' welfare without seeking personal gain.

Bystander Effect and Social Norms

  • Bystander Effect: Individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.
  • Social Exchange Theory: Interactions are based on a cost-benefit analysis to maximize gains and minimize losses.
  • Reciprocity Norm: Expectation of reciprocation in social exchanges.
  • Social-Responsibility Norm: Obligation to help those in need.

Conflict and Cooperation

  • Conflict: Perceived incompatibility among actions, goals, or beliefs.
  • Social Trap: Mutual destruction arising from self-interested behavior.
  • Mirror-Image Perceptions: Conflicting parties view each other with mutual hostility based on their own self-perception.
  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations that lead to behavior that confirms those expectations.
  • Superordinate Goals: Cooperative objectives that unify conflicting parties towards a common resolution.

Strategies for Conflict Resolution

  • GRIT: Strategies aimed at reducing tensions through graduated and reciprocated initiatives.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Modules 74-80 of AP Psychology. Each card focuses on key concepts, theories, and terminologies within the realm of social psychology. Perfect for review and study before exams.

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