AP Psychology Module 49-52 Flashcards

Gender Differences

• Encompasses variations in puberty timing, self-esteem, lifespan expectations, and body dimensions.
• Emerging behavioral distinctions between males and females throughout development.

Aggression Gap

• Notable disparity in aggression levels, with men exhibiting more aggressive behaviors than women.

Social Dominance Gap

• Men typically demonstrate higher levels of social dominance, while women are often positioned to be more supportive within social structures.

Social Connectedness

• Gender norms influence personality traits; boys and girls display tendencies to switch or adapt behaviors based on social contexts.

Gender Roles

• Societal expectations dictate behaviors considered appropriate for males and females, shaping individual identities and interactions.

Gender Identity

• Refers to an individual's intrinsic sense of being male, female, or another identity, which may or may not align with biological sex.

Gender Typing

• Process of associating particular activities, interests, and roles with a traditional male or female identity.

Gender Expression

• The manner in which individuals communicate their gender identity through behavior, attire, and personal presentation.

Transgender

• Describes individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth, encompassing a diverse range of identities and experiences.

Parenting Power

• Concept that children often emulate and adopt behaviors and values from their parents, shaping their own identities.

Peer Influence

• Acknowledges the significant impact of peer relationships on behavior, attitudes, and decision-making during development.

Preconventional Morality

• Moral reasoning primarily focused on self-interest, emphasizing the pursuit of rewards and avoidance of punishment.

Conventional Morality

• Moral development characterized by concern for social approval and adhering to societal norms and rules.

Postconventional Morality

• Advances to a stage of moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles and the belief in basic human rights.

Trust vs. Mistrust

• Stage of early development where infants develop trust or a sense of mistrust depending on caregiver reliability.

Autonomy vs. Shame

• Focuses on the development of independence; children learn to perform tasks themselves or experience shame when they fail.

Initiative vs. Guilt

• During this stage, children assert themselves through initiating activities. Failure leads to feelings of guilt about their capabilities.

Competence vs. Inferiority

• Children discover their competence through successful experiences or feel inferior when unable to apply themselves effectively.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Adolescents experiment with various roles and identities, seeking to establish a clear sense of self amidst uncertainty.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Young adulthood focuses on forming close, meaningful relationships; failure to do so can result in feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Middle adulthood stage where individuals seek to contribute to society and support future generations or feel a lack of purpose.

Integrity vs. Despair

• Elderly individuals reflect on their lives, striving for a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction or facing regret and despair.

Emerging Adulthood

• A transitional phase from late teens to mid-twenties characterized by exploration of independence, identity, and life choices.

This quiz covers key concepts from AP Psychology modules 49 to 52, focusing on gender differences, aggression, social dominance, and gender roles. Use these flashcards to enhance your understanding of psychological principles related to gender and social behavior.