AP Psych Unit 4a - Learning Part 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What did Donald Hebb seek to understand?

  • The functioning of neurons in psychological processes (correct)
  • How to treat psychological disorders
  • The relationship between biology and culture
  • The history of psychological theories

What type of organism are Aplysias?

Mollusks

Who demonstrated that forming a new memory produces functional and structural changes?

  • Eric Kandel (correct)
  • Wolfgang Kohler
  • Edward Tolman
  • Donald Hebb

Latent Learning is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. This type of learning is best described as ______.

<p>implicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive map according to Edward Tolman?

<p>A mental representation of the layout of one's environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an enriched environment affect rats?

<p>They develop a thicker cerebral cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instinctive Drift refers to the tendency of animals to follow conditioned responses over instinct.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Overjustification Effect?

<p>It is when a reward diminishes intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define intrinsic motivation.

<p>A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define extrinsic motivation.

<p>A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is linked to B.F. Skinner's theories?

<p>Neglect of biology and the emotional aspects of learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is abstract learning?

<p>Learning that involves understanding concepts rather than merely exhibiting behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insight learning?

<p>A type of learning that occurs suddenly when solving a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social learning?

<p>Learning by observing and imitating the actions of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

<p>To see if children would imitate aggressive behavior after observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mirror neurons?

<p>Neurons that fire when observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Prosocial Effects = Actions which benefit others and follow social norms Antisocial Effects = Actions that are harmful to individuals and society Violence and the Media = Viewing media violence increases aggression Observational Learning = Learning by observing others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 conditions of observational learning?

<ol> <li>Attention, 2) Retention, 3) Motivation, 4) Potential for reproduction.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Who was Donald Hebb?

Psychologist who explored the neural basis of learning and memory, proposing the concept of 'cell assemblies'.

What are Aplysia?

Sea slug used to study the biological basis of learning due to its simple nervous system and large, identifiable neurons.

Who was Eric Kandel?

Demonstrated that new memory formation results in functional and structural changes in neurons during Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).

What is Latent Learning?

Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or association; not immediately expressed until there is motivation to do so.

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What is a Cognitive Map?

A mental representation of the spatial characteristics of a familiar environment.

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What is Insight Learning?

A sudden understanding of the solution to a problem, often occurring after a period of thought or trial and error.

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What is Instinctive Drift?

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to instinctual patterns that interfere with the conditioned response.

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What is the Overjustification Effect?

The reduction in intrinsic motivation when external rewards are given for activities that were already enjoyable.

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What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Behavior driven by internal satisfaction or enjoyment, rather than external rewards or pressures.

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What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Behavior driven by external rewards or punishments, rather than internal satisfaction or enjoyment.

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What is Abstract Learning?

Learning that goes beyond simple conditioning, involving cognitive processes like observation and decision-making.

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What is Social Learning/Modeling?

Learning that occurs through observing, modeling, and imitating the behavior, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.

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What are Mirror Neurons?

Neurons in the frontal lobe that become activated both when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action.

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What is Observational Learning?

Learning by watching others.

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What is Modeling?

A type of learning where individuals acquire new behaviors by observing others.

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What are Prosocial Effects?

Actions reflecting care for others and adhering to society's accepted values and rules.

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What are Antisocial Effects?

Actions that disrupt social norms, causing harm to self or others.

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What is Media Influence on Violence?

The impact of violent and harmful actions or activities as shown in media.

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Study Notes

Key Figures and Concepts in Learning

  • Donald Hebb: Explored neuron functions related to psychological processes, introduced "cell assembly" for memory retention.
  • Aplysias: Simple mollusk used for studying learning and memory due to its uncomplicated nervous system.
  • Eric Kandel: Revealed that new memory formation leads to functional and structural neural changes, emphasizing Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).

Types of Learning

  • Latent Learning: Unseen learning until incentivized to demonstrate it.
  • Cognitive Map: Edward Tolman's term for a mental representation of one's environment.
  • Insight Learning: Sudden realization of problem-solving, linked to Wolfgang Kohler's work with chimps.

Environmental Effects on Learning

  • Rats Experiments: Rats in enriched environments developed a thicker cerebral cortex and stronger neural networks compared to those in deprived environments.

Behavioral Concepts

  • Instinctive Drift: Animals often revert to instinctual actions that disrupt conditioned responses; can't override natural behaviors.
  • Overjustification Effect: Rewards for inherently enjoyable tasks can diminish intrinsic motivation.
  • Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal satisfaction, while extrinsic is driven by anticipated rewards or punishments.

Critiques and Alternative Learning Forms

  • Criticisms of Skinner: Ignored biological factors and the emotional aspects of learning; viewed humans as dehumanized.
  • Abstract Learning: Involves cognitive understanding beyond behavioral conditioning, with steps including observation and decision-making.

Social Learning

  • Social Learning/Modeling: Learned through observation and imitation, influenced by social feedback; popularized by Albert Bandura.
  • Bandura’s "Bobo Doll" Experiment: Explored whether children would imitate aggressive behaviors observed in media.

Mechanisms of Learning

  • Observational Learning: Learning through the observation of others' behaviors.
  • Mirror Neurons: Frontal lobe neurons activated when observing others perform actions.

Requirements for Observational Learning

  • Four Conditions:
    • Attention from the learner.
    • Retention of the behavior in memory.
    • Motivation to enact the learned behavior.
    • Feasibility of reproducing the behavior.

Social Behavior Impact

  • Prosocial Effects: Actions promoting societal values and ethical behavior.
  • Antisocial Effects: Behaviors detrimental to society and individuals.
  • Media Influence on Violence: Research indicates that exposure to media violence correlates with increased aggression in viewers, with high rates of violence in children's programming.

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