Questions and Answers
What did Donald Hebb seek to understand?
What type of organism are Aplysias?
Mollusks
Who demonstrated that forming a new memory produces functional and structural changes?
Latent Learning is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. This type of learning is best described as ______.
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What is a cognitive map according to Edward Tolman?
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How does an enriched environment affect rats?
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Instinctive Drift refers to the tendency of animals to follow conditioned responses over instinct.
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What is the Overjustification Effect?
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Define intrinsic motivation.
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Define extrinsic motivation.
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What criticism is linked to B.F. Skinner's theories?
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What is abstract learning?
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What is insight learning?
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What is social learning?
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What was the focus of Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?
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What are mirror neurons?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What are the 4 conditions of observational learning?
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Study Notes
Key Figures and Concepts in Learning
- Donald Hebb: Explored neuron functions related to psychological processes, introduced "cell assembly" for memory retention.
- Aplysias: Simple mollusk used for studying learning and memory due to its uncomplicated nervous system.
- Eric Kandel: Revealed that new memory formation leads to functional and structural neural changes, emphasizing Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
Types of Learning
- Latent Learning: Unseen learning until incentivized to demonstrate it.
- Cognitive Map: Edward Tolman's term for a mental representation of one's environment.
- Insight Learning: Sudden realization of problem-solving, linked to Wolfgang Kohler's work with chimps.
Environmental Effects on Learning
- Rats Experiments: Rats in enriched environments developed a thicker cerebral cortex and stronger neural networks compared to those in deprived environments.
Behavioral Concepts
- Instinctive Drift: Animals often revert to instinctual actions that disrupt conditioned responses; can't override natural behaviors.
- Overjustification Effect: Rewards for inherently enjoyable tasks can diminish intrinsic motivation.
- Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal satisfaction, while extrinsic is driven by anticipated rewards or punishments.
Critiques and Alternative Learning Forms
- Criticisms of Skinner: Ignored biological factors and the emotional aspects of learning; viewed humans as dehumanized.
- Abstract Learning: Involves cognitive understanding beyond behavioral conditioning, with steps including observation and decision-making.
Social Learning
- Social Learning/Modeling: Learned through observation and imitation, influenced by social feedback; popularized by Albert Bandura.
- Bandura’s "Bobo Doll" Experiment: Explored whether children would imitate aggressive behaviors observed in media.
Mechanisms of Learning
- Observational Learning: Learning through the observation of others' behaviors.
- Mirror Neurons: Frontal lobe neurons activated when observing others perform actions.
Requirements for Observational Learning
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Four Conditions:
- Attention from the learner.
- Retention of the behavior in memory.
- Motivation to enact the learned behavior.
- Feasibility of reproducing the behavior.
Social Behavior Impact
- Prosocial Effects: Actions promoting societal values and ethical behavior.
- Antisocial Effects: Behaviors detrimental to society and individuals.
- Media Influence on Violence: Research indicates that exposure to media violence correlates with increased aggression in viewers, with high rates of violence in children's programming.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP Psychology Unit 4a, focusing on key concepts related to learning. Explore definitions and significance of terms like Donald Hebb and Aplysias. Enhance your understanding of how biological aspects contribute to psychological processes.
